FT-IR Measurements of Emissivity and Temperature During High Flux Solar Processing

1996 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Markham ◽  
W. W. Smith ◽  
J. R. Haigis ◽  
M. D. Carangelo ◽  
J. E. Cosgrove ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Solar Flux ◽  
Solar Furnace ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
High Heating Rate ◽  
High Flux ◽  
Radiant Intensity ◽  
Spectral Emittance ◽  
Ft Ir

The experimental capability to generate and utilize concentrated solar flux has been demonstrated at a number of facilities in the United States. To advance this research area, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has designed and constructed a versatile High Flux Solar Furnace (HFSF). Research is ongoing in areas of material processing, high temperature and UV enhanced detoxification, chemical synthesis, high flux optics, solar pumped lasers, and high heating rate processes. Surface modifications via concentrated solar flux, however, are currently performed without the means to accurately monitor the temperature of the surface of interest. Thermoelectric and pyrometric devices are not accurate due to limitations in surface contact and knowledge of surface emissivity, respectively, as well as interference contributed by the solar flux. In this article, we present a noncontact optical technique that simultaneously measures the directional spectral emissivity, and temperature of the surface during solar processing. A Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer is coupled to a processing chamber at NREL’s HFSF with a fiber-optic radiation transfer assembly. The system measures directional emission and hemispherical-directional reflectance in a spectral region that lacks contribution from solar flux. From these radiative property measurements during solar processing, the spectral emittance and temperature at the measurement point can be obtained. The methodology, validation measurements, and in-situ measurements during solar processing of materials are presented. Knowledge of surface temperature during solar processing is an important parameter for process control. Based on validation measurements for spectral emittance, the temperature error associated with the novel instrument is less than ±5 percent for surfaces of mid-range emittance. The error decreases for surfaces of higher emittance. This is far better than optical methods which are “lost” in terms of knowing the appropriate emittance for conversion of measured radiant intensity to temperature.

In-Situ FT-IR Monitoring of a Solar Flux Induced Chemical Process

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Markham ◽  
J. E. Cosgrove ◽  
C. M. Nelson ◽  
A. S. Bonanno ◽  
R. E. Schlief ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Hydrogen Bromide ◽  
Solar Flux ◽  
Solar Furnace ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Steam Temperature ◽  
Photochemical Process ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Formed Hydrogen

The capability to perform in-situ, on-line monitoring of processes induced by concentrated solar flux will enhance the development and utilization of solar technologies. Temperature measurements and chemical concentration measurements provide an understanding of the ongoing chemistry, process limits, and process reproducibility. A Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer was optically coupled to a quartz flow reactor at the High Flux Solar Furnace of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, CO. In-situ emission/transmission spectroscopy was utilized to simultaneously monitor steam temperature and the concentration of formed hydrogen bromide during the solar flux induced reaction of steam and bromine. The photochemical process is being investigated for the production of industrial quantities of hydrogen and oxygen, where downstream electrolysis of the formed hydrogen bromide provides the hydrogen and regenerates bromine. Steam temperature was measured to increase upon the addition of bromine to the reactor. Gas temperature increases of 200°C to 400°C were observed. Hydrogen bromide concentrations up to ten percent of the reactor gas volume were measured. The FT-IR system provided quantitative information of two critical parameters of the measured process and serves to accelerate this technology area.

scholarly journals A Bibliometric Insight of Genetic Factors in ASD: Emerging Trends and New Developments

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Kang Wang ◽  
Weicheng Duan ◽  
Yijie Duan ◽  
Yuxin Yu ◽  
Xiuyi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Scientific Output ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
De Novo Mutations ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Genetic Abnormalities

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) cases have increased rapidly in recent decades, which is associated with various genetic abnormalities. To provide a better understanding of the genetic factors in ASD, we assessed the global scientific output of the related studies. A total of 2944 studies published between 1997 and 2018 were included by systematic retrieval from the Web of Science (WoS) database, whose scientific landscapes were drawn and the tendencies and research frontiers were explored through bibliometric methods. The United States has been acting as a leading explorer of the field worldwide in recent years. The rapid development of high-throughput technologies and bioinformatics transferred the research method from the traditional classic method to a big data-based pipeline. As a consequence, the focused research area and tendency were also changed, as the contribution of de novo mutations in ASD has been a research hotspot in the past several years and probably will remain one into the near future, which is consistent with the current opinions of the major etiology of ASD. Therefore, more attention and financial support should be paid to the deciphering of the de novo mutations in ASD. Meanwhile, the effective cooperation of multi-research centers and scientists in different fields should be advocated in the next step of scientific research undertaken.

scholarly journals A Bibliometric Analysis of the Global Trend of Using Alginate, Gelatine, and Hydroxyapatite for Bone Tissue Regeneration Applications

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 647
Author(s):  
Mohamed Saiful Firdaus Hussin ◽  
Aludin Mohd Serah ◽  
Khairul Azri Azlan ◽  
Hasan Zuhudi Abdullah ◽  
Maizlinda Izwana Idris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue Engineering ◽  
Bone Tissue ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Bone Tissue Regeneration ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Starting Point

Collecting information from previous investigations and expressing it in a scientometrics study can be a priceless guide to getting a complete overview of a specific research area. The aim of this study is to explore the interrelated connection between alginate, gelatine, and hydroxyapatite within the scope of bone tissue and scaffold. A review of traditional literature with data mining procedures using bibliometric analyses was considered to identify the evolution of the selected research area between 2009 and 2019. Bibliometric methods and knowledge visualization technologies were implemented to investigate diverse publications based on the following indicators: year of publication, document type, language, country, institution, author, journal, keyword, and number of citations. An analysis using a bibliometric study found that 7446 papers were located with the keywords “bone tissue” and “scaffold”, and 1767 (alginate), 185 (gelatine), 5658 (hydroxyapatite) papers with those specific sub keywords. The number of publications that relate to “tissue engineering” and bone more than doubled between 2009 (1352) and 2019 (2839). China, the United States and India are the most productive countries, while Sichuan University and the Chinese Academy of Science from China are the most important institutions related to bone tissue scaffold. Materials Science and Engineering C is the most productive journal, followed by the Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. This paper is a starting point, providing the first bibliometric analysis study of bone tissue and scaffold considering alginate, gelatine and hydroxyapatite. A bibliometric analysis would greatly assist in giving a scientific insight to support desired future research work, not only associated with bone tissue engineering applications. It is expected that the analysis of alginate, gelatine and hydroxyapatite in terms of 3D bioprinting, clinical outcomes, scaffold architecture, and the regenerative medicine approach will enhance the research into bone tissue engineering in the near future. Continued studies into these research fields are highly recommended.

Accurate Measurement of Normal Spectral Emittance by Using FT-IR Spectrometer

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tanemura ◽  
M. Sando ◽  
A. Fujii ◽  
S. Nishizawa ◽  
M. Kawasaki
Keyword(s):  
Normal Spectral Emittance ◽  
Spectral Emittance ◽  
Ft Ir

A comparison of information behavior studies in United States and India: Number of publications, authorship, journals, theories, research populations, and methods

2022 ◽  
pp. 096100062110696
Author(s):  
Vinit Kumar ◽  
Brady Lund
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Information Behavior ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Quantitative Research Methods ◽  
Research Populations

This study compares attributes (authors, journals, populations, theories, methods) of information seeking behavior studies based in the United States and India, based on a search of published articles from 2011 to 2020 in relevant information science databases. The findings indicate major differences in information behavior research among the two countries. Information behavior research in the United States tends to focus more on health and medicine-related research populations, employ greater use of information behavior theories, and use a variety of quantitative and qualitative research methods (as well as mixed methods). Information behavior research in India tends to focus more on general populations, use less theory, and rely heavily on quantitative research methods—particularly questionnaires (88% of studies). These findings suggest a healthy and intellectually-diverse information behavior research area in the United States and ample room for growth of the research area within India.

scholarly journals Screens, Teens, and Psychological Well-Being: Evidence From Three Time-Use-Diary Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 682-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Orben ◽  
Andrew K. Przybylski
Keyword(s):  
Time Use ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Diary Studies ◽  
Psychological Evidence

The notion that digital-screen engagement decreases adolescent well-being has become a recurring feature in public, political, and scientific conversation. The current level of psychological evidence, however, is far removed from the certainty voiced by many commentators. There is little clear-cut evidence that screen time decreases adolescent well-being, and most psychological results are based on single-country, exploratory studies that rely on inaccurate but popular self-report measures of digital-screen engagement. In this study, which encompassed three nationally representative large-scale data sets from Ireland, the United States, and the United Kingdom ( N = 17,247 after data exclusions) and included time-use-diary measures of digital-screen engagement, we used both exploratory and confirmatory study designs to introduce methodological and analytical improvements to a growing psychological research area. We found little evidence for substantial negative associations between digital-screen engagement—measured throughout the day or particularly before bedtime—and adolescent well-being.

Analyzing nanoparticle-induced neurotoxicity: A bibliometric analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Xiaomin Wei ◽  
Fuzhen Yang ◽  
Defang Chen ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Xiaohong Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Amyloid Β Protein ◽  
Β Protein ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
Species Production

Background: In recent years, nanoparticles have been widely used in many fields, ranging from cosmetics, agriculture, environment, and biomedical areas. The increasing use of nanoproducts induces a potential increasing exposure to human body, and then, unknown pathological consequences could increase. Methods: The database was searched from 2008 to 2018 by the Web of Science Core Collection. The bibliometric methods, CiteSpace and HistCite, were used for analysis and visualization of the data. Results: The 2932 publications were analyzed and the annual publications grew from 78 to 512 in a decade. The United States and China mainly contribute to this research area, which accounted for 29.5% and 22.9%, respectively. PLoS One, Scientific Reports, and Nanoscale were the three journals that published the most articles. Keyword analysis indicated that the major research direction was the mechanisms of nanoneurotoxicity, which included oxidative stress, inflammation, astrocyte activation, and the fibrillation of amyloid β protein. Conclusion: This bibliometric study revealed that nanoneurotoxicity was still a research hot topic and could be a promising area of research in the next few years. Nanoparticles play a role in neurodegenerative diseases by inducing reactive oxygen species production, inflammation, alterations of gene expression, and signal pathways.

scholarly journals Production Trends, Collaboration, and Main Topics of the Integrative and Complementary Oncology Research Area: A Bibliometric Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 153473541984640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose A. Moral-Munoz ◽  
Lidia Carballo-Costa ◽  
Enrique Herrera-Viedma ◽  
Manuel J. Cobo
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nf Kappa B ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Past ◽  
Oncology Research ◽  
Complementary Oncology

Background: The prevalence of cancer has increased over time worldwide. Nevertheless, the number of deaths has been reduced during the past 2 decades. Thus, one-third of the cancer patients are users of complementary and alternative therapies, looking for other types of interventions. The main aim of the present study is to understand the current status of the research in integrative and complementary oncology. Three different aspects were analyzed: production trends, country collaboration, and leading research topics. Methods: The dataset was obtained from the documents indexed under the Integrative and Complementary Medicine category of the Web of Science database from 1976 to 2017. VOSviewer and SciMAT software were employed to perform the bibliometric analysis. Results: The Journal of Ethnopharmacology, China Medical University and the People’s Republic of China are the leading producers in the field. Regarding the collaboration, the United States and China present a close connection. The scientific community is focused on the following topics: apoptosis, breast cancer, oxidative stress, chemotherapy, and nuclear factor-Kappa-B (NF-Kappa-B). Conclusions: The present article shows potentially important information that allows understanding of the past, present, and future of research in integrative and complementary oncology. It is a useful evidence-based framework on which to base future research actions and academic directions.

Space, Religion, and Bodies: Aspects of Concrete Emplacements of Religious Practice

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Radermacher
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Spatial Studies ◽  
Concrete Material ◽  
Spatial Turn ◽  
Material Turn ◽  
Material Space ◽  
Human Actors

This article takes up the implications of the spatial turn in the wider context of a material turn (Manuel A. Vásquez) and deals with concrete emplacements of religion. It argues that the concrete, material space of religious practice is not just a passive stage, but itself has ‘agency,’ i.e. it shapes and facilitates discourse and embodiment of human actors in space. The materiality of space influences sensory perception, communication and embodiment, and also relates to imaginations about space as well as social norms. The emplacement of religious practice is illustrated by examples of rooms of silence and rooms of Christian fitness classes in the United States. The article opens a research area at the interface of architecture, spatial studies, embodiment studies, and the psychology of perception – and intends to make this encounter productive for the study of religions.

A New High-Flux Solar Furnace for High-Temperature Thermochemical Research

1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Haueter ◽  
T. Seitz ◽  
A. Steinfeld
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Peak Concentration ◽  
Optical Design ◽  
Operating Performance ◽  
Solar Fuels ◽  
Solar Furnace ◽  
High Flux ◽  
Thermochemical Processing ◽  
Design Characteristics ◽  
Concentration Ratios

A new high-flux solar furnace, capable of delivering up to 40kW at peak concentration ratios exceeding 5000, is operational at PSI. Its optical design characteristics, main engineering features, and operating performance are described. This solar concentrating facility will be used principally for investigating the thermochemical processing of solar fuels at temperatures as high as 2500 K.

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