An Experimental Investigation of the Velocity and Temperature Fields of Cold Jets Injected Into a Hot Crossflow

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 320-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Rydholm
Keyword(s):  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Reynolds Stresses ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Cooling Design ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Prandtl Numbers ◽  
Density Ratios ◽  
Cooling Air

It is shown here by dimensional analysis that the near-wall flow field of an effusion-cooled combustor can be scaled if the Reynolds, Mach, and Prandtl numbers and the temperature and velocity ratios are kept constant. It is also demonstrated that a practical model experiment can be designed, which fulfills all the scaling laws. A test rig meeting these requirements has been designed, built and tested. The experimental conditions have been chosen to correspond to the conditions usually met in a real effusion-cooled combustion chamber. One geometric configuration has been investigated. This consists of one transverse row of holes drilled with a 30 deg angle to the wall through which the cooling air enters a cross-flowing mainstream. The mean values of all three velocity components and the three normal fluctuating Reynolds stresses as well as the mean temperature have been measured in a large number of points surrounding the central injection hole. Experiments were carried out for jet-to-mainstream density ratios of 1.2 and 1.8. The results indicate that realistic density ratios are necessary to provide data directly applicable to effusion-cooling design.

scholarly journals An Experimental Investigation of the Velocity and Temperature Fields of Cold Jets Injected Into a Hot Crossflow

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans A. Rydholm
Keyword(s):  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Temperature Fields ◽  
Reynolds Stresses ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Cooling Design ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Prandtl Numbers ◽  
Density Ratios ◽  
Cooling Air

It is shown here by dimensional analysis that the near-wall flow field of an effusion cooled combustor, can be scaled if the Reynolds, Mach and Prandtl numbers and the temperature and velocity ratios are kept constant. It is also demonstrated that a practical model experiment can be designed, which fulfils all the scaling laws. A test rig meeting these requirements has been designed, built and tested. The experimental conditions have been chosen to correspond to the conditions usually met in a real effusion cooled combustion chamber. One geometrical configuration has been investigated. This consists of one transverse row of holes drilled with a 30° angle to the wall through which the cooling air enters into a cross flowing mainstream. The mean values of all three velocity components and the three normal fluctuating Reynolds stresses as well as the mean temperature have been measured in a large number of points surrounding the central injection hole. Experiments were carried out for jet-to mainstream density ratios of 1.2 and 1.8 and the results indicate that realistic density ratios are necessary to provide data directly applicable in effusion cooling design.

Articulatory Behavior Pre and Post Full-Mouth Tooth Extraction and Alveoloplasty

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 630-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Zimmermann ◽  
J.A. Scott Kelso ◽  
Larry Lander
Keyword(s):  
Control Subject ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Kinematic Parameters ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Articulatory Movements ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Experimental Subjects ◽  
Normal Speech

High speed cinefluorography was used to track articulatory movements preceding and following full-mouth tooth extraction and alveoloplasty in two subjects. Films also were made of a control subject on two separate days. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of dramatically altering the structural dimensions of the oral cavity on the kinematic parameters of speech. The results showed that the experimental subjects performed differently pre and postoperatively though the changes were in different directions for the two subjects. Differences in both means and variabilities of kinematic parameters were larger between days for the experimental (operated) subjects than for the control subject. The results for the Control subject also showed significant differences in the mean values of kinematic variables between days though these day-to-day differences could not account for the effects found pre- and postoperatively. The results of the kinematic analysis, particularly the finding that transition time was most stable over the experimental conditions for the operated subjects, are used to speculate about the coordination of normal speech.

scholarly journals Scaling Turbulent Combustion Fields in Explosions

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 8577
Author(s):  
Allen Kuhl ◽  
David Grote ◽  
John Bell
Keyword(s):  
Turbulent Combustion ◽  
Scaling Laws ◽  
High Explosive ◽  
Length Scale ◽  
Roundoff Error ◽  
Reynolds Stresses ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Thermodynamic Variables

We considered the topic of explosions from spherical high-explosive (HE) charges. We studied how the turbulent combustion fields scale. On the basis of theories of dimensional analysis by Bridgman and similarity theories of Sedov and Barenblatt, we found that all fields scaled with the explosion length scale r0. This included the blast wave, the mean and root mean squared (RMS) profiles of thermodynamic variables, combustion variables, velocities, vorticity, and turbulent Reynolds stresses. This was a consequence of the formulation of the problem and our numerical method, which both satisfied the similarity conditions of Sedov. We performed numerical simulations of 1 g charges and 1 kg charges; the solutions were identical (within roundoff error) when plotted in scaled variables. We also explored scaling laws related to three-phase pyrotechnic explosions. We show that although the scaling formally broke down, the fireball still essentially scaled with the explosion length scale r0. However, the discrete Lagrange particles (DLP) (phase 2) and the heterogeneous continuum model (HCM) of the DLP wakes (phase 3) did not scale with r0, and mean and RMS profiles could differ by a factor of 10 in some regions. This was because the DLP particles and wakes introduced an additional scale that broke the similarity conditions.

The Number of Vertebrae in Trout (Salmo)

1937 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. McC. Mottley
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
European Species ◽  
The Mean

The European species of Salmo have fewer vertebrae than those from western North America, the mean values of two of each group as reared at the Cowichan hatchery being found to be: salar 59.0, trutta 58.3, gairdnerii 63.5, clarkii 62.5. Hatchery-reared gairdnerii were usually found to be different from those of the natural environment as well as varying with different experimental conditions, and even differed from their own parents, this seeming on the whole to be related to the temperature during development. A correlation was found between the length of the fish and the number of vertebrae. Caution is suggested in the use of the character for identifying populations of Salmo.

Zonal flow driven by strongly supercritical convection in rotating spherical shells

2002 ◽  
Vol 470 ◽  
pp. 115-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. R. CHRISTENSEN
Keyword(s):  
Rayleigh Number ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Rotation Axis ◽  
Zonal Flow ◽  
Force Balance ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Reynolds Stresses ◽  
Prandtl Numbers

Thermal convection in a rotating spherical shell with free-slip boundaries can excite a dominant mean zonal flow in the form of differentially rotating cylinders concentric to the principal rotation axis. This process is studied numerically for Prandtl numbers of order 1, Ekman numbers in the range E = 3 × 10−4−10−5, and Rayleigh numbers up to 100× critical. Small-scale convection transfers kinetic energy into the mean zonal flow via Reynolds stresses. For low Ekman number and high Rayleigh number, the force balance is predominantly among the Coriolis, inertial and buoyancy forces, and viscosity plays a minor role. A modified Rayleigh number Ra* is introduced, which does not depend on viscosity or thermal diffusivity, and asymptotic scaling laws for the dependence of various properties on Ra* in the limit of negligible viscosity (E → 0) are estimated from the numerical results. The ratio of kinetic energy in the zonal flow to that in the non-zonal (convective) flow increases strongly with Ra* at low supercritical Rayleigh number, but drops at high values of Ra*. This is probably caused by the gradual loss of geostrophy of the convective columns and a corresponding decorrelation of Reynolds stresses. Applying the scaling laws to convection in the molecular hydrogen envelopes of the large gas planets predicts the observed magnitude of the zonal winds at their surfaces.

scholarly journals Involvement of carboxyl groups in chloride transport and reversible DIDS binding to band 3 protein in human erythrocytes

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Janas ◽  
Tadeusz Janas
Keyword(s):  
Chloride Transport ◽  
Band 3 ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Erythrocyte Membranes ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Apparent Dissociation Constant ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Human Erythrocyte Membranes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Resealed Ghosts

AbstractNoncovalent DIDS binding to Band 3 (AE1) protein in human erythrocyte membranes, modified by non-penetrating, water soluble 1-ethyl-3-(4-azonia-4,4-dimethylpentyl)-carbodiimide iodide (EAC), was studied at 0°C in the presence of 165 mM KCl. Under experimental conditions applied up to (48 ± 5) % of irreversible chloride self-exchange inhibition was observed. The apparent dissociation constant, KD, for “DIDS-Band 3” complex, determined from the chloride transport experiments, was (34 ± 3) nM and (80 ± 12) nM for control and EAC-treated resealed ghosts, respectively. The inhibition constant, Ki, for DIDS was (35 ± 6) nM and (60 ± 8) nM in control and EAC-treated ghosts, respectively. The reduced affinity for DIDS reversible binding was not a result of negative cooperativity of DIDS binding sites of Band 3 oligomer since Hill’s coefficients were indistinguishable from 1 (within the limit error) both for control and EAC-treated ghosts. By using tritium-labeled DIDS, 4,4’-diisothiocyanato-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonate ([3H]DIDS), the association rate constant, k+1 (M−1s−1), was measured. The mean values of (4.3 ± 0.7) × 105 M−1s−1 for control and (2.7 ± 0.7) × 105 M−1s−1 for EAC-treated ghosts were obtained. The mean values for KD, evaluated from [3H]DIDS binding measurements, were (37 ± 9) nM and (90 ± 21) nM for control and EAC-modified ghosts, respectively. The results demonstrate that EAC modification of AE1 reduces about 2-fold the affinity of AE1 for DIDS. It is suggested that half of the subunits are modified near the transport site by EAC.

Evaluation of Rearfoot Asymmetries in Running with Worn and New Running Shoes

1988 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Vagenas ◽  
Blaine Hoshizaki
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Angular Displacement ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Lower Leg ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
High Speed Cinematography ◽  
The Mean

The purpose of this study was to identify the kinematic characteristics of bilateral rearfoot asymmetry during heel–toe running under two experimental conditions: worn (broken-in) running shoes and new (standardized) running shoes. High-speed cinematography (150 fps) was used to film the lower limbs of four male runners in the frontal plane while running on a treadmill at their training pace. Six successive footfalls were analyzed for each subject and selected kinematical variables of the rearfoot function were calculated. Significant asymmetries were found in lower leg angle and Achilles tendon angle at touchdown and at maximum pronation. Total pronation and rearfoot angle were almost symmetric. The angular displacement graphs for the shank and foot revealed a distinct overall asymmetry between the lower limbs in both conditions. The mean values of the kinematical asymmetries were appreciably higher in the new shoe condition. It is proposed that the degree of these asymmetries is subject to changes due to injury, personal running style, and stability of the running shoe. Trends of bilateral dominance specific to rearfoot control in running were identified.

Comparative Study of Intranasal, Subcutaneous and Intravenous Administration of Desamino-D-Arginine Vasopressin (DDAVP)

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (01) ◽  
pp. 108-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Köhler ◽  
P Hellstern ◽  
C Miyashita ◽  
G von Blohn ◽  
E Wenzel
Keyword(s):  
Factor Viii ◽  
Von Willebrand Factor ◽  
Factor Xii ◽  
Additional Advantage ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Von Willebrand ◽  
Willebrand Factor ◽  
Factor Antigen

SummaryThis study was performed to evaluate the influence of different routes of administration on the efficacy of DDAVP treatment. Ten healthy volunteers received DDAVP intranasally (i.n.), subcutaneously (s.c.) and intravenously (i.v.) in a randomized cross-over trial. Factor XII and high molecular weight (HMW)-kininogen levels increased only slightly after DDAVP administration. The mean increase of factor VIII: C was 3.1 (i. v.), 2.3 (s. c.), and 1.3 (i.n.) - fold over baseline. Ristocetin cofactor (von Willebrand factor antigen) increased 3.1 (2.5), 2.0 (2.3) and 1.2 (1.2) - fold over baseline mean values after i.v., s.c. and i.n. DDAVP, respectively. The half-disappearance time of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor (vWF) after DDAVP ranged from five (factor VIII: C) to eight hours (vWF). The mean increase of fibrinolytic activity was more pronounced after i.v. DDAVP. The antidiuretic effect was moderate with no apparent differences between the routes of application. This study provides further evidence that both i.v. and s.c. DDAVP administration result in an appropriate and reliable stimulation of haemostasis. An additional advantage of s. c. administration is its suitability for home treatment.

Comparative Study of effectiveness of mobilization with movement (MWM) and End range mobilization (ERM) techniques in frozen shoulder

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-522
Author(s):  
Jeyakumar S ◽  
Jagatheesan Alagesan ◽  
T.S. Muthukumar
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Frozen Shoulder ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Functional Activities ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B

Background: Frozen shoulder is disorder of the connective tissue that limits the normal Range of motion of the shoulder in diabetes, frozen shoulder is thought to be caused by changes to the collagen in the shoulder joint as a result of long term Hypoglycemia. Mobilization is a therapeutic movement of the joint. The goal is to restore normal joint motion and rhythm. The use of mobilization with movement for peripheral joints was developed by mulligan. This technique combines a sustained application of manual technique “gliding” force to the joint with concurrent physiologic motion of joint, either actively or passively. This study aims to find out the effects of mobilization with movement and end range mobilization in frozen shoulder in Type I diabetics. Materials and Methods: 30 subjects both male and female, suffering with shoulder pain and clinically diagnosed with frozen shoulder was recruited for the study and divided into two groups with 15 patients each based on convenient sampling method. Group A patients received mobilization with movement and Group B patients received end range mobilization for three weeks. The outcome measurements were SPADI, Functional hand to back scale, abduction range of motion using goniometer and VAS. Results: The mean values of all parameters showed significant differences in group A as compared to group B in terms of decreased pain, increased abduction range and other outcome measures. Conclusion: Based on the results it has been concluded that treating the type 1 diabetic patient with frozen shoulder, mobilization with movement exercise shows better results than end range mobilization in reducing pain and increase functional activities and mobility in frozen shoulder.

A COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS FOR MEASUREMENT OF ALDOSTERONE SECRETION RATE IN MAN

1966 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lund-Johansen ◽  
T. Thorsen ◽  
K. F. Støa
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
Aldosterone Secretion ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Derivative Method ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT A comparison has been made between (A), a relatively simple method for the measurement of aldosterone secretion rate, based on paper chromatography and direct densitometry of the aldosterone spot and (B) a more elaborate isotope derivative method. The mean secretion rate in 9 normal subjects was 112 ± 26 μg per 24 hours (method A) and 135 ± 35 μg per 24 hours (method B). The »secretion rate« in one adrenalectomized subject after the intravenous injection of 250 μg of aldosterone was 230 μg per 24 hours (method A) and 294 μg per 24 hours (method B). There was no significant difference in the mean values, and correlation between the two methods was good (r = 0.80). It is concluded that the densitometric method is suitable for clinical purposes as well as research, being more rapid and less expensive than the isotope derivative method. Method A also measures the urinary excretion of the aldosterone 3-oxo-conjugate, which is of interest in many pathological conditions. The densitometric method is obviously the less sensitive and a prerequisite for its use is an aldosterone secretion of 20—30 μg per 24 hours. Lower values are, however, rare in adults.

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