scholarly journals Closure to “Discussion of ‘Effect of Frequency Excitation on Force Coefficients of Spiral Groove Gas Seals’” (1999, ASME, J. Tribol., 121, p. 861)

1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 862-863
Author(s):  
Nicole Zirkelback ◽  
Luis San Andre´s
Keyword(s):  
Spiral Groove ◽  
Force Coefficients ◽  
Frequency Excitation ◽  
Gas Seals

Effect of Frequency Excitation on Force Coefficients of Spiral Groove Gas Seals

1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 853-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Zirkelback ◽  
Luis San Andre´s
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Compressible Fluid ◽  
Fluid Model ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Excitation Frequency ◽  
Spiral Groove ◽  
Thrust Bearings ◽  
Force Coefficients ◽  
Frequency Excitation ◽  
Gas Seals

An analysis for compressible fluid spiral groove thrust bearings (SGTBs) and face seals (SGFSs) is presented. Zeroth- and first-order equations rendering the static and dynamic performance of SGFSs, respectively, are solved using the finite element method with a successive approximation scheme. Comparison of the present isothermal compressible fluid model for static and dynamic SGTB and SGFS performance validates previous narrow groove theory, finite difference, and finite element analyses. A discussion follows to indicate the importance of using a small number of grooves to prevent instabilities from negative damping in SGTBs and SGFSs when pressurization is lost. Force coefficients are shown to reach asymptotic limits as the axial excitation frequency increases.

The influence of 3-DOF film thickness disturbance on transient performance of typical spiral groove dry gas seals

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Chen ◽  
Hao Shang ◽  
Xiaolu Li ◽  
Yuntang Li ◽  
Bingqing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Film Thickness ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Thickness Distribution ◽  
Transient Performance ◽  
Spiral Groove ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dry Gas Seal ◽  
Sealing Performance ◽  
Gas Seals

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence rule and mechanism of three degrees of freedom film thickness disturbance on the transient performance of spiral groove, upstream pumping spiral groove dry gas seal (UP-SDGS) and double-row spiral groove dry gas seal (DR-SDGS). Design/methodology/approach The transient performance of spiral groove, UP-SDGS and DR-SDGS are obtained by solving the transient Reynolds equation under different axial and angular disturbance coefficients. The transient and steady performance of the above-mentioned DGSs are compared and analyzed. Findings The film thickness disturbance has a remarkable impact on the sealing performance of DGS with different structures and the calculation deviations of the leakage rate of the UP-DGS will increase significantly if the film thickness disturbance is ignored. The axial and angular disturbance jointly affect the film thickness distribution of DGS, but there is no significant interaction between them on the transient sealing performance. Originality/value The influence mechanism of axial disturbance and angular disturbance on the transient performance of typical SDGSs behavior has been explained by theory. Considering small and large disturbance, the interaction between axial disturbance and angular disturbance on the transient performance have been studied.

Leakage and Dynamic Force Coefficients for Two Labyrinth Gas Seals: Teeth-on-Stator and Interlocking Teeth Configurations — A CFD Approach to Their Performance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis San Andrés ◽  
Tingcheng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Labyrinth Seal ◽  
Inlet Pressure ◽  
Dynamic Force ◽  
Rotor Speed ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Force Coefficients ◽  
Supply Pressure ◽  
Exit Pressure ◽  
Gas Seals

Labyrinth gas seals (LS) commonly used in turbomachines reduce secondary flow leakage. Conventional see-through labyrinth seal designs include either all Teeth-On-Stator (TOS) or all Teeth-On-Rotor (TOR). Experience shows that an interlocking labyrinth seal (ILS), with teeth on both stator and rotor, reduces gas leakage by up to 30% compared to the conventional see-through designs. However, field data for ILS rotordynamic characteristics is still vague and scarce in the literature. This work presents flow predictions for an ILS and a TOS LS, both seals share identical design features, namely radial clearance Cr = 0.2 mm, rotor diameter D = 150 mm, tooth pitch Li = 3.75 mm, and tooth height B = 3 mm. Air enters the seal at supply pressure Pin = 3.8, 6.9 bar (absolute) and temperature of 25 °C. The ratio of gas exit pressure to supply pressure ranges from 0.5 to 0.8, and the rotor speed is fixed at 10 krpm (surface speed of 79 m/s). The analysis implements a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method with a multi-frequency-orbit rotor whirl model. The CFD predicted mass flow rate for the ILS is ∼21% lower than that of the TOS LS, thus making the ILS a more efficient choice. Integration of the dynamic pressure fields in the seal cavities, obtained for excitation frequency (ω) ranging from 12% to 168% of rotor speed (sub and super synchronous whirl), allows an accurate estimation of the seal dynamic force coefficients. For all the considered operating conditions, at low frequency range the TOS LS shows a negative direct stiffness (K < 0), frequency independent; whereas the ILS has K > 0 that increases with both frequency and supply pressure. For both seals, the magnitude of K decreases when the exit pressure/inlet pressure ratio increases. On the other hand, the cross-coupled stiffness (k) from both seals is frequency dependent, its magnitude increases with gas supply pressure, and the k for the ILS is more sensitive to a change in the exit/inlet pressure ratio. Notably, k turns negative for subsynchronous frequencies below rotor speed (Ω) for both the TOS LS and ILS. The direct damping (C) for the TOS LS remains constant for ω > ½ Ω and has a larger magnitude than the damping for the ILS over the frequency range up to 1.5Ω. An increase in exit/inlet pressure ratio decreases the direct damping for both seals. The effective damping coefficient, Ceff = (C-k/ω) whenever positive aids to damp vibrations, whereas Ceff < 0 is a potential source for an instability. For frequencies ω /Ω < 1.3, Ceff for the TOS LS is higher in magnitude than that for the ILS. From a rotordynamics point of view, the ILS is not a sound selection albeit it reduces leakage. Comparison of the CFD predicted force coefficients against those from a bulk flow model demonstrate the later simple model delivers poor results, often contradictory and largely indifferent to the type of seal, ILS or TOS LS. In addition, CFD model predictions are benchmarked against experimental dynamic force coefficients for two TOS LSs published by Ertas et al. (2012) and Vannini et al. (2014).

Rotordynamic Force Coefficients of Bubbly Mixture Annular Pressure Seals

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis San Andre´s
Keyword(s):  
Power Loss ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Dynamic Stiffness ◽  
Excitation Frequency ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Dynamic Force ◽  
Force Coefficients ◽  
Large Expansion ◽  
Gas Seals ◽  
Gas Volume

As oil fields deplete, in particular in deep sea reservoirs, pump and compression systems work under more strenuous conditions with gas in liquid and liquid in gas mixtures, mostly inhomogeneous. Off-design operation affects system overall efficiency and reliability, including penalties in leakage and rotordynamic performance of secondary flow components, namely seals. The paper details a bulk-flow model for annular damper seals operating with gas in liquid mixtures. The analysis encompasses all-liquid and all-gas seals, as well as seals lubricated with homogenous (bubbly) mixtures, and predicts the static and dynamic force response of mixture lubricated seals; namely: leakage, power loss, reaction forces and rotordynamic force coefficients, etc., as a function of the mixture volume fraction (βS), supply and discharge pressures, rotor speed, whirl frequency, etc. A seal example with a Nitrogen gas mixed with light oil is analyzed. The large pressure drop (70 bar) causes a large expansion of the gas within the seal even for (very) small gas volume fractions (βS). Predictions show leakage and power loss decrease as β → 1; albeit at low βS (<0.3) (re)laminarization of the flow and an apparent increase in mixture viscosity, produce a hump in power loss. Cross-coupled stiffnesses and direct damping coefficients decrease steadily with increases in the gas volume fraction; however some anomalies are apparent when the flow turns laminar. Mixture lubricated seals show frequency dependent force coefficients. The equivalent damping decreases above and below βS∼0.10. The direct stiffness coefficients show atypical behavior: a low βS = 0.1 produces stiffness hardening as the excitation frequency increases. Recall that an all liquid seal has a dynamic stiffness softening as frequency increases due to the apparent fluid mass. The predictions call for an experimental program to quantify the static and dynamic forced performance of annular seals operating with (bubbly) mixtures and to validate the current predictive model results.

Hydrodynamics and Sonic Flow Transition in Dry Gas Seals

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azam Thatte ◽  
Xiaoqing Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Linear Partial Differential Equation ◽  
Hydrodynamic Pressure ◽  
Secondary Flows ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Spiral Groove ◽  
Local Pressure ◽  
Choked Flow ◽  
Gas Seals ◽  
Film Stiffness

Dry gas seals (DGS) are widely used in turbomachinery applications. They are recently being also recommended for sealing novel super critical CO2 turbomachinery space. However, these seals can render interesting behavior under certain operating conditions which needs to be carefully monitored so that intended level of dynamic characteristics can be achieved. The ability of these seals to maintain low leakage by riding at small clearances makes them an attractive solution where secondary flows need to be minimized. To understand the significance of some of the key design features of these seals, in this work an analysis on a gas lubricated spiral groove dry gas seal is presented. Equations in polar coordinates governing the compressible flow through the DGS gap and a numerical method to solve such non-linear partial differential equation is presented. The resulting sets of equations are solved for hydrodynamic pressure distribution and the axial separation force and the film stiffness at the rotor-stator interface is calculated. A detailed study on key spiral groove features is then performed to investigate the effect of spiral angle, groove depth, groove pitch and dam width ratio on the hydrodynamic pressure generation capacity, film stiffness and hence on overall performance of the DGS. Another important phenomenon that can occur in DGS under high operating pressure is the sonic transition. It is shown that choked flow under such conditions can take place over the dam section of the seal which manifests itself into large local pressure and temperature variations and can result into dynamic instabilities.

Rotordynamic Force Coefficients for Three Types of Annular Gas Seals With Inlet Preswirl and High Differential Pressure Ratio

2012 ◽  
Vol 134 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. Ertas ◽  
A. Delgado ◽  
G. Vannini
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Force Coefficients ◽  
Rotordynamic Coefficients ◽  
Process Gas ◽  
Pressure Tests ◽  
Lower Excitation ◽  
Controlled Motion ◽  
Gas Seals

The following paper presents and compares rotordynamic force coefficients for three types of non-contact annular gas seals, which include a labyrinth (LABY), honeycomb (HC), and a fully partitioned damper seal (FPDS). These three annular seals represent the typical seal types used in process gas centrifugal compressors at the balance piston location or center seal location to limit internal leakage and ensure a robust rotordynamic design. Tests were conducted on 170.6 mm (6.716 in) diameter seals for rotor speeds up to 15 kprm, inlet air pressure of 6.9 bar (100 psi), ambient back pressure, and with inlet gas preswirl. The three seals were designed to have the same nominal clearance and similar axial lengths. Testing was conducted on a controlled motion test rig possessing non-synchronous excitation capability up to 250 Hz. Three different test methods were employed to give confidence in the rotordynamic coefficients, which include static force deflection tests, mechanical impedance tests, and dynamic cavity pressure tests. Results from experiments compare force coefficients for all seal configurations while paying special attention to the crossover frequencies of the effective damping term. All seals possessed negative effective damping at lower excitation frequencies with inlet preswirl, where the straight-through FPDS possessed the lowest cross over frequency of 40 Hz at 15 krpm. The testing also revealed that the preswirl parameter had significantly more influence on effective damping levels and crossover frequencies when compared to rotor speed.

Leakage and Dynamic Force Coefficients for Two Labyrinth Gas Seals: Teeth-on-Stator and Interlocking Teeth Configurations. A Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach to Their Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 141 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingcheng Wu ◽  
Luis San Andrés
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Labyrinth Seal ◽  
Inlet Pressure ◽  
Dynamic Force ◽  
Rotor Speed ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Force Coefficients ◽  
Supply Pressure ◽  
Gas Seals

Labyrinth gas seals (LSs) commonly used in turbomachines reduce secondary flow leakage. Conventional see-through labyrinth seal designs include either all teeth-on-stator (TOS) or all teeth-on-rotor (TOR). Experience shows that an interlocking labyrinth seal (ILS), with teeth on both stator and rotor, reduces gas leakage by up to 30% compared to the conventional see-through designs. However, field data for ILS rotordynamic characteristics are still vague and scarce in the literature. This work presents flow predictions for an ILS and a TOS LS, both seals share identical design features, namely radial clearance Cr = 0.2 mm, rotor diameter D = 150 mm, tooth pitch Li = 3.75 mm, and tooth height B = 3 mm. Air enters the seal at supply pressure Pin = 3.8, 6.9 bar (absolute) and temperature of 25 °C. The ratio of gas exit pressure to supply pressure ranges from 0.5 to 0.8, and the rotor speed is fixed at 10 krpm (surface speed of 79 m/s). The analysis implements a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method with a multi-frequency-orbit rotor whirl model. The CFD predicted mass flow rate for the ILS is ∼ 21% lower than that of the TOS LS, thus making the ILS a more efficient choice. Integration of the dynamic pressure fields in the seal cavities, obtained for excitation frequency (ω) ranging from 12% to 168% of rotor speed (sub and super synchronous whirl), allows an accurate estimation of the seal dynamic force coefficients. For all the considered operating conditions, at low frequency range, the TOS LS shows a negative direct stiffness (K < 0), frequency independent; whereas the ILS has K > 0 that increases with both frequency and supply pressure. For both seals, the magnitude of K decreases when the exit pressure/inlet pressure ratio increases. On the other hand, the cross-coupled stiffness (k) from both seals is frequency dependent, its magnitude increases with gas supply pressure, and k for the ILS is more sensitive to a change in the exit/inlet pressure ratio. Notably, k turns negative for subsynchronous frequencies below rotor speed (Ω) for both the TOS LS and the ILS. The direct damping (C) for the TOS LS remains constant for ω > ½ Ω and has a larger magnitude than the damping for the ILS over the frequency range up to 1.5 Ω. An increase in exit/inlet pressure ratio decreases the direct damping for both seals. The effective damping coefficient, Ceff = (C-k/ω), whenever positive aids to damp vibrations, whereas Ceff < 0 is a potential source for an instability. For frequencies ω/Ω < 1.3, Ceff for the TOS LS is higher in magnitude than that for the ILS. From a rotordynamics point of view, the ILS is not a sound selection albeit it reduces leakage. Comparison of the CFD predicted force coefficients against those from a bulk flow model demonstrates that the later simple model delivers poor results, often contradictory and largely indifferent to the type of seal, ILS or TOS LS. In addition, CFD model predictions are benchmarked against experimental dynamic force coefficients for two TOS LSs published by Ertas et al. (2012, “Rotordynamic Force Coefficients for Three Types of Annular Gas Seals With Inlet Preswirl and High Differential Pressure Ratio,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 134(4), pp. 04250301–04250312) and Vannini et al. (2014, “Labyrinth Seal and Pocket Damper Seal High Pressure Rotordynamic Test Data,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 136(2), pp. 022501–022509.)

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