Synthesis of Programmable Mechanisms Using Adjustable Dyads

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Chuenchom ◽  
S. Kota
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Point Theory ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Linkage Mechanism ◽  
Manufacturing Automation ◽  
Multiple Tasks ◽  
High Production

Conventional hard automation such as linkage mechanisms and cam-driven mechanisms provide high speed capability at a low cost, but fail to provide the flexibility required in many industrial applications. On the other hand, for most manufacturing automation applications in high production industries, expensive multi-axis robots are employed for simple repetitive operations that require only limited flexibility. In order to provide a true middle ground between conventional mechanism-based hard automation and overly flexible anthropomorphic robots, we incorporate flexibility in conventional mechanisms, thereby creating “programmable mechanisms” or Adjustable Robotic Mechanisms (ARMs). This paper introduces the concept of ARMs and presents generalized analytical methods for designing adjustable mechanisms based on synthesis of adjustable dyads. The synthesis methods presented here, which are extensions of the well-known Burmester precision point theory, enable one to design multi-purpose mechanisms for multiple sets of precision points, thereby enabling conventional mechanisms to perform multiple tasks. The analytical synthesis method has been implemented in a computer program that generates all adjustable dyad solutions for given sets of precision points. Two or more adjustable dyads are assembled together to form a programmable linkage mechanism that performs multiple tasks. Synthesis formulations and a design example illustrating the analytical and computer-aided synthesis methods are presented.

Analytical Synthesis of Adjustable Dyads and Triads for Designing Adjustable Mechanisms

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thatchai Chuenchom ◽  
Sridhar Kota
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Point Theory ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Detail Design ◽  
Multiple Tasks ◽  
Analytical Synthesis ◽  
Adjustable Mechanisms

Abstract The paper presents generalized analytical methods for designing adjustable mechanisms based on synthesis of adjustable dyads and triads. The synthesis methods presented here are extensions of the well-known Burmester precison point theory. The adjustable dyad (and traid) synthesis method enables one to design mechanisms for multiple sets of precision points (multiple tasks). Two or more adjustable dyads (or triads) assembled together to form four-bar or geared five bar mechanisms that meet the requirements of multiple tasks. The method generates all adjustable -dyad and -triad solutions for given sets of precision points. Synthesis formulations and the solution spaces are described in detail. Design examples illustrating the synthesis methods are also presented.

Synthesis, Characterization, Applications, and Toxicity of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Marcos Pereira Galúcio ◽  
Sorrel Godinho Barbosa de Souza ◽  
Arthur Abinader Vasconcelos ◽  
Alan Kelbis Oliveira Lima ◽  
Kauê Santana da Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Synthesis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Methods Of Synthesis ◽  
Food Applications ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Harmful Effects

: Nanotechnology is a cutting-edge area with numerous industrial applications. Nanoparticles are structures that have dimensions ranging from 1–100 nm which exhibit significantly different mechanical, optical, electrical, and chemical properties when compared with their larger counterparts. Synthetic routes that use natural sources, such as plant extracts, honey, and microorganisms are environmentally friendly and low-cost methods that can be used to obtain nanoparticles. These methods of synthesis generate products that are more stable and less toxic than those obtained using conventional methods. Nanoparticles formed by titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silver, gold, and copper, as well as cellulose nanocrystals are among the nanostructures obtained by green synthesis that have shown interesting applications in several technological industries. Several analytical techniques have also been used to analyze the size, morphology, hydrodynamics, diameter, and chemical functional groups involved in the stabilization of the nanoparticles as well as to quantify and evaluate their formation. Despite their pharmaceutical, biotechnological, cosmetic, and food applications, studies have detected their harmful effects on human health and the environment; and thus, caution must be taken in uses involving living organisms. The present review aims to present an overview of the applications, the structural properties, and the green synthesis methods that are used to obtain nanoparticles, and special attention is given to those obtained from metal ions. The review also presents the analytical methods used to analyze, quantify, and characterize these nanostructures.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Low Cost Titanium Silicalite-1 Zeolite for Highly Efficient Propylene Epoxidation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Liu ◽  
Zihan Huang ◽  
Wei Wei ◽  
Xiangyu Wang ◽  
Yiqiang Wen
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Hydrothermal Reaction ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Synthesis Process ◽  
Titanium Silicalite ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Propylene Epoxidation ◽  
Widespread Application

Developing an effective and low-cost system to synthesize titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) zeolite is desirable for a range of industrial applications. To date, the poor catalytic activity of the synthesized zeolite due to the low amount of framework titanium and large crystal size is the main obstacle limiting the widespread application of this material. Moreover, a large amount of wastewater is often produced by the existing synthesis process. Herein, a green and sustainable route for synthesizing small-crystal TS-1 with a high fraction of framework Ti was demonstrated via a seed-assisted method using a tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr)-ethanolamine hydrothermal system. The influence of the synthesis conditions on the physicochemical properties and catalytic activities of TS-1 was investigated. With the assistance of nanosized S-1 seeds, the incorporation of Ti into the framework of TS-1 was promoted, and the crystallization rate was effectively accelerated. After alkaline etching, the obtained hierarchical TS-1 had higher catalytic activity towards propylene epoxidation with an extremely high turnover frequency of 1,650 h−1. Furthermore, the mother liquid during the hydrothermal reaction could be reused for the next synthesis procedure. Consequently, utilization ratios of both ethanolamine and TPABr exceeding 95% were achieved by recycling the mother liquid. This low-cost approach for reducing wastewater could be easily scaled up to provide a promising synthesis method for the industrial production of TS-1 and other topological zeolites.

Multifunction Synchro-to-Digital Conversion on Software Design

2011 ◽  
Vol 225-226 ◽  
pp. 589-592
Author(s):  
Yan Liu ◽  
Ze Gang Ye
Keyword(s):  
Software Design ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Measurement Accuracy ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Digital Conversion ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Military

The current Synchro-to-Digital conversion (S/DC)with high reliability, high accuracy and widely used in the military field, but it has high cost and low tracking speed, not suitable for high speed and low-cost industrial applications. In this work, the principle of synchro and the harmonics of the synchro output signals are investigated. Multifunction S/DC software design using FFT algorithm and IIR digital filter technology is proposed. It Integrated many functions, such as angle position, harmonics analysis and filter, it also improved measurement accuracy and speed, reduced the cost. The simulation results by Matlab show that the method is feasible.

Transient Thermodynamic Modelling and Experimental Validation of an Antagonistic SMA Actuator

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anupam Pathak ◽  
Diann Brei ◽  
Jonathan Luntz
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Driving Frequency ◽  
Physically Based ◽  
Antagonistic Actuation ◽  
High Production ◽  
Key Aspects

Modern developments in Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) has positioned the material as an attractive alternative actuation for high yield, low cost industries which stand to benefit from the materials simple form, light weight, and high energy densities. However, the speed and predictability still remain as a barrier to its acceptance and usage. The robotics community has shown promising results with antagonistic actuation architectures to increase the cyclic speed and produce controlled motions; however, such control-based approaches generally require sensing and feedback implementations and tuning that are undesirable for high production products. This paper presents a simple but effective physically-based thermodynamic model for generic antagonistic actuation architecture. The model is derived from three sets of equations: differential equations describing the thermomechanical phase transformation behavior of the material, compatibility equations specific to the antagonistic configuration relating stresses and strains in the two wires to each other, and heat transfer equations involving the thermal properties of both the environment and the wire material. This model takes into consideration several key-aspects of real devices such as the wires becoming slack or localalized boiling conditions. This model was experimentally validated and studied under a range of conditions including variations in driving frequency (0.3–10 Hz), duty cycle (10%–45%), amplitude (50%–100% transformation), and wire diameter (8–20 mil). The correlation over these widely varying conditions indicates the model’s accuracy and potential for use in the design process of future antagonistic actuators and their controllers for industrial applications.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Cockle Shell-Based Calcium Carbonate Aragonite Polymorph Nanoparticles with Surface Functionalization

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syairah Liyana Mohd Abd Ghafar ◽  
Mohd Zobir Hussein ◽  
Zuki Abu Bakar Zakaria
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Surface Functionalization ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Synthesis Method ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Material Source ◽  
Cockle Shell

The development of cockle shell-based calcium carbonate aragonite polymorph nanoparticle synthesis method using the technique of mechanical stirring in the presence of dodecyl dimethyl betaine (BS-12) incorporated with surface functionalization demonstrated high homogeneity of sample product with good nanoparticles dispersion. The cockle shell-based calcium carbonate aragonite nanoparticle with functionalized surface was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), particle size distribution, pH measurement analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Surface functionalization was proven to improve the overall size and shape of the nanoparticles and enhance their dispersion properties, preventing coarse agglomeration among nanoparticles in general. The improved method was verified to retain its aragonite crystalline nature. Additionally, surface functionalization did not increase the size of nanoparticles throughout the modification process. This facile preparation using naturally occurring cockle shells as the main source is environmentally friendly because it provides relatively low cost of raw material source as it is abundantly available in nature and has good mineral purity content. Hence, high quality production of surface functionalized cockle shell-based calcium carbonate aragonite polymorph nanoparticles can potentially be exploited and produced on a large scale for various industrial applications, especially for biomedical purposes in the near future.

scholarly journals Ecological and Biotechnological Aspects of Pigmented Microbes: A Way Forward in Development of Food and Pharmaceutical Grade Pigments

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 637
Author(s):  
Ramesh Chatragadda ◽  
Laurent Dufossé
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Natural Pigments ◽  
High Production ◽  
Synthetic Colorants ◽  
Synthetic Pigments ◽  
Evolutionary Aspects ◽  
Pigmented Bacteria

Microbial pigments play multiple roles in the ecosystem construction, survival, and fitness of all kinds of organisms. Considerably, microbial (bacteria, fungi, yeast, and microalgae) pigments offer a wide array of food, drug, colorants, dyes, and imaging applications. In contrast to the natural pigments from microbes, synthetic colorants are widely used due to high production, high intensity, and low cost. Nevertheless, natural pigments are gaining more demand over synthetic pigments as synthetic pigments have demonstrated side effects on human health. Therefore, research on microbial pigments needs to be extended, explored, and exploited to find potential industrial applications. In this review, the evolutionary aspects, the spatial significance of important pigments, biomedical applications, research gaps, and future perspectives are detailed briefly. The pathogenic nature of some pigmented bacteria is also detailed for awareness and safe handling. In addition, pigments from macro-organisms are also discussed in some sections for comparison with microbes.

Rule Based Number Synthesis for Kinematic Linkage Mechanism With Full Revolute Joints

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swami Karunamoorthy ◽  
Sridhar S. Condoor
Keyword(s):  
Simple Procedure ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Dimensional Synthesis ◽  
Linkage Mechanism ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Revolute Joints ◽  
Number Synthesis ◽  
Rule Based Approach

Abstract Number synthesis is an important building block of type synthesis and it needs to be performed a priori to dimensional synthesis. The number synthesis methods available in the literature are not effective in predicting all possible linkage combinations. There is a need for a unified, yet simple, procedure to generate a complete list of Kinematic Link Set Solution (KLSS). An emphasis is given in this paper to develop such a method based on the analogy of isomers. It resulted in an easy procedure that is rule-based. The procedure is efficient in producing a linkage atlas for a given degree of freedom. A program is developed to generate the linkage atlas based on these rules. The results show that the rule-based approach is viable for pedagogical as well as industrial applications.

Computer Aided Synthesis of Adjustable Robotic Mechanisms

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thatchai Chuenchom ◽  
Sridhar Kota
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Industrial Robots ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
Pick And Place ◽  
Computer Aided

Abstract Conventional hard automation such as linkage mechanisms or cam-driven mechanisms provide high speed capability at a low cost (using typically one actuator), but fail to provide the flexibility required in many industrial applications. Manufacturers are increasingly turning to multi-axis robots to fulfill flexibility demands. In many cases, however, the flexibility requirements are limited; i.e. a given pick-and-place unit may be required to perform only a handful of different operations. Therefore, the expensive robots are under-utilized. By incorporating flexibility in conventional linkage-type mechanisms, we are developing adjustable robotic mechanisms (ARMs) to serve as a middle ground between hard automation and overly flexible serial-jointed industrial robots.

scholarly journals Extended Joint Sparsity Reconstruction for Spatial and Temporal ERT Imaging

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 4014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Chen ◽  
Juan Abascal ◽  
Manuchehr Soleimani
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Conductivity Distribution ◽  
Dynamic Movement ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Time Domain

Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) is an imaging technique to recover the conductivity distribution with boundary measurements via attached electrodes. There are a wide range of applications using ERT for image reconstruction or parameter calculation due to high speed data collection, low cost, and the advantages of being non-invasive and portable. Although ERT is considered a high temporal resolution method, a temporally regularized method can greatly enhance such a temporal resolution compared to frame-by-frame reconstruction. In some of the cases, especially in the industrial applications, dynamic movement of an object is critical. In practice, it is desirable for monitoring and controlling the dynamic process. ERT can determine the spatial conductivity distribution based on previous work, and ERT potentially shows good performance in exploiting temporal information as well. Many ERT algorithms reconstruct images frame by frame, which is not optimal and would assume that the target is static during collection of each data frame, which is inconsistent with the real case. Although spatiotemporal-based algorithms can account for the temporal effect of dynamic movement and can generate better results, there is not that much work aimed at analyzing the performance in the time domain. In this paper, we discuss the performance of a novel spatiotemporal total variation (STTV) algorithm in both the spatial and temporal domain, and Temporal One-Step Tikhonov-based algorithms were also employed for comparison. The experimental results show that the STTV has a faster response time for temporal variation of the moving object. This robust time response can contribute to a much better control process which is the main aim of the new generation of process tomography systems.

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