Toward Automatic Process Simulators: Part II—An Expert System for Process Synthesis

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Sciubba
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Process Design ◽  
Process Simulation ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Automatic Process ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Essential Knowledge

This paper presents an explicit mapping of the conceptual activities that constitute a “process design task” into a series of well-posed, complete, and general formal simulation procedures. Part I of this series of two papers dealt with numerical procedures for process simulation and showed that structure independence and modularity are two prerequisites for a general-purpose simulator. Part II approaches the problem from a completely different point of view and considers the question: Is it possible to derive a general set of design guidelines that can be implemented into a knowledge-based system and result in an automatic, computer-assisted process design procedure? This problem is different in character from that tackled in part I. First, it is by its own nature qualitative, i.e., it requires conceptual rather than numerical answers. Second, it is formulated at a higher level (in Artificial Intelligence terms, at a metalevel). Its solution is clearly in the domain of the logic of process design and, therefore, embeds (contains) all possible quantitative numerical schemes and does not depend on any of them for either its position or its solution. If the answer to this question is affirmative, the resulting code would be a sort of “Expert Assistant” to the engineer in the sense that it would suggest what process can be best suited for the particular application under consideration. The study proceeds by trying to detect conceptual similarities in different design procedures, to construct a suitable knowledge base, and to implement a general macro-procedure that could automatically assist the engineer in the largest possible number of process design operations. The contention here is that the most recent developments of AI-based methods make it possible to extract from human experts all the essential knowledge that pertains to “engineering design,” with the final goal of transferring this body of knowledge—in a form suitable to machine communication—to an “Expert System for Process Design,” which can then be applied (interactively or on a stand-alone basis) with a high degree of confidence to a variety of particular process simulations. A prototype version of an Expert System Assistant is briefly discussed, and an application is analyzed in detail. The code is called COLOMBO and is available as a research tool from the author. Finally, Part II builds on Part I of this series of papers. In particular, it is assumed that a general, modular, numerical Process Simulation Package exists and that it is capable of executing the quantitative mass and energy balance operations described in Part I.

Toward Automatic Process Simulators: Part I—Modular Numerical Procedures

1998 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Sciubba
Keyword(s):  
Process Design ◽  
Process Simulation ◽  
Automatic Process ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Qualitative Synthesis ◽  
Complex Activity ◽  
General Process ◽  
Numerical Process ◽  
Computer Codes ◽  
Quantitative Calculations

This paper presents a general design approach involving automatic, intelligent process simulation procedures. The aim is to derive a general set of design principles and methodologies that can be developed into computer-assisted procedures. This first part deals with numerical, quantitative calculations, i.e., with what commonly goes under the name of “Numerical Process Simulation.” It is argued that the existing design methods can result in computer codes or packages that perform exactly (and deterministically) the numerical operations an engineer would perform. It is also shown that modularity in these codes is dictated by the necessity of automatically implementing numerical procedures that depend on the structure of the process under examination, rather than by user’s convenience and ease of maintenance. An example of a modular, structure-oriented code (CAMEL) is given and discussed in detail, while numerical applications are discussed elsewhere [4]. The second part deals with the more complex qualitative approach to process design, i.e., with the possibility of implementing automatic “expert” procedures that perform the same conceptual tasks as human process engineers. It is shown that by means of Artificial Intelligence techniques it is possible to mimic (to an extent) the “thinking patterns” of a human expert, and to produce process schemes that are both acceptable and realistic. A general process synthesis package (COLOMBO) is described and some of its applications discussed. The main goal of the two parts of the paper is to show that the very complex activity of process design can be executed automatically, not only in principle, but in actual applications, and that both qualitative synthesis and quantitative calculations are possible with the present state of the art of our computational facilities.

A Knowledge-Based Expert System for the Analysis of Risk of Overexertion in Manual Lifting

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-105
Author(s):  
W. Karwowski ◽  
N. O. Mulholland ◽  
T. L. Ward
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Specific Work ◽  
Manual Lifting ◽  
Human Interface ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Assisted Instruction ◽  
Intelligent Computer

A knowledge–based expert system (LIFTAN) for analysis of manual lifting tasks is described. The system, written in MacLISP and implemented on a DEC-10 mainframe computer, consists of three modules: a knowledge base, a general purpose inference engine, and a human interface with explanation capabilities. The system allows a non-expert in the field of manual lifting to utilize the relevant knowledge and apply it to analyze specific work situations. It can also be used as intelligent computer-assisted instruction for engineering students.

Reed (Phragmites australis agg.) dominated plant communities in the Lower Volga Valley

2015 ◽  
pp. 26-37
Author(s):  
V. B. Golub ◽  
V. V. Bondareva ◽  
A. N. Sorokin ◽  
L. F. Nikolaychuk
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Original Structure ◽  
Volga River ◽  
Lower Volga

Plant communities with reed domination (Phragmites australis agg.) occupy the large areas in the Lower Volga Valley and especially in the river delta. We have set the task to reveal the diversity of these communities in the Lower Volga Valley. For this purpose, we applied the database that is registered in the Global Index of Vegetation-Plot Databases (GIVD) under the EU-RU–002 index (http://www.givd.info/) and includes 14871 relevés made during the period from 1924 to 2013. Communities with the dominance of reed were defined as such, if the coverage of this plant was more than 50 %. We have found 375 such relevés in the database. At first, one basal community, 3 associations and 3 subassociations with domination of Phragmites australis agg. were distinguished in the Lower Volga Valley. All processing and analysis of relevés were performed using the software package JUICE 7.0. (Tichý, 2002). The «Cocktail» method was applied to establish the sociological groups that indicate environmental conditions (Bruelheide, 2000). The expert system for selection from the database of relevés by means of these groups was created. It is allowed us to ascribe relevés to earlier distinguished associations, subassociations and basal community. 171 relevés have been identified by the expert system and they were assigned to association, subassociation or the basal community. 204 relevés were not referred to any association, subassociation or the basal community. We wanted to answer the question: are there among these 204 relevés, which could be interpreted as the new syntaxa, giving them the proper ecological characteristics? For this purpose, the cluster analysis of 204 relevés has been carried out. The optimal level of clustering was determined by calculating the index of “crispness of classification” (Botta-Dukát et al., 2005). The greatest “crispness of classification” was reached at allocation of 13 clusters. Consideration of the floristic composition of allocated groups had shown that 11 of them were the transitional plant communities among the earlier established syntaxa. Only two clusters were differed in rather original structure that we could explain by the influence of environment factors. We have identified them as new associations Rubio tataricae-Phragmitetum australis and Cynancho acuti-Phragmitetum australis. All associations with the dominance of Phragmites australis agg. distinguished in the Lower Volga Valley were included in the alliance Phragmition communis Koch 1926, order Phragmitetalia communis Koch 1926. In literary sources from the ecological point of view these syntaxa are defined as the wetland communities, which are closely linked to water bodies (Šumberová et al., 2011; Ermakov, 2012). However, in many cases this definition does not correspond to the ecology of plant communities with the dominance of reed in the lower reaches of the Volga River. Ecotops of these communities are flooded for up to 2–3 months in a year and then they dry out. In the autumn, the ground water level can drop to a depth of one meter (Golub et al., 2011). The plant satellites of the reed here are often mesophytic plants such as Rubus caesius, Calamagrostis epigeios, Phalaris arundinacea, Rubia tatarica, Althaea officinalis, and Rumex stenophyllus. Therefore, the inclusion of phytocoenosises with domination of the reed in the lower reaches of the Volga River in the alliance Phragmition communis is rather relative. A correct placement of these plant communities in the system of vegetation syntaxa of the arid areas can be made only if it is based on original data obtained from much bigger territory than the Lower Volga Valley. In future geobotanical studies, it is desirable to divide the aggregation of Phragmites australis agg. into smaller species taxa.

Naive models as active expert system in bioengineering and chemical engineering

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 1476-1499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Dohnal
Keyword(s):  
Expert System ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Continuous Fermentation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Qualitative Variable ◽  
Human Thinking

A possibility of qualitative variable utilization for description and evaluation of phenomena and processes from non-formal human thinking point of view is presented. Paper gives methods of naïve modelling and realistically assesses results that can be awaited. The method is demonstrated on two case studies that are given in full details, namely continuous fermentation (fermentor, two separators) and anaerobic fermentation.

scholarly journals Part-optimized forming by spatially distributed vaporizing foil actuators

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlon Hahn ◽  
A. Erman Tekkaya
Keyword(s):  
Process Design ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Specific Impulse ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Mathematical Optimization ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Spatially Distributed ◽  
Lower Tool ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Charging Energy

AbstractElectrically vaporizing foil actuators are employed as an innovative high speed sheet metal forming technology, which has the potential to lower tool costs. To reduce experimental try-outs, a predictive physics-based process design procedure is developed for the first time. It consists of a mathematical optimization utilizing numerical forming simulations followed by analytical computations for the forming-impulse generation through the rapid Joule heating of the foils. The proposed method is demonstrated for an exemplary steel sheet part. The resulting process design provides a part-specific impulse distribution, corresponding parallel actuator geometries, and the pulse generator’s charging energy, so that all process parameters are available before the first experiment. The experimental validation is then performed for the example part. Formed parts indicate that the introduced method yields a good starting point for actual testing, as it only requires adjustments in the form of a minor charging energy augmentation. This was expectable due to the conservative nature of the underlying modeling. The part geometry obtained with the most suitable charging energy is finally compared to the target geometry.

scholarly journals Syllabification of the Divine Comedy

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Andrea Asperti ◽  
Stefano Dal Bianco
Keyword(s):  
Text Processing ◽  
Solution Space ◽  
Generative Models ◽  
Divine Comedy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Divine Comedy ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Assisted Analysis

We provide a syllabification algorithm for the Divine Comedy using techniques from probabilistic and constraint programming. We particularly focus on the synalephe , addressed in terms of the "propensity" of a word to take part in a synalephe with adjacent words. We jointly provide an online vocabulary containing, for each word, information about its syllabification, the location of the tonic accent, and the aforementioned synalephe propensity, on the left and right sides. The algorithm is intrinsically nondeterministic, producing different possible syllabifications for each verse, with different likelihoods; metric constraints relative to accents on the 10th, 4th, and 6th syllables are used to further reduce the solution space. The most likely syllabification is hence returned as output. We believe that this work could be a major milestone for a lot of different investigations. From the point of view of digital humanities it opens new perspectives on computer-assisted analysis of digital sources, comprising automated detection of anomalous and problematic cases, metric clustering of verses and their categorization, or more foundational investigations addressing, e.g., the phonetic roles of consonants and vowels. From the point of view of text processing and deep learning, information about syllabification and the location of accents opens a wide range of exciting perspectives, from the possibility of automatic learning syllabification of words and verses to the improvement of generative models, aware of metric issues, and more respectful of the expected musicality.

Simplified Method of Resin Infusion Process Simulation on Example of Formula Student Lightweight Components

2016 ◽  
Vol 251 ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Maciej Wnuk ◽  
Artur Iluk
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Process Design ◽  
Process Simulation ◽  
Cost Ratio ◽  
Main Difficulty ◽  
Resin Infusion ◽  
Excellent Quality ◽  
Expensive Equipment ◽  
Simplified Method ◽  
Very High

In the production of lightweight composite parts, resin infusion is the leading technology due to its excellent quality-to-cost ratio [1], [2]. Not only is there no need to use expensive equipment such as autoclaves, but the resulting fiber to resin ratio is very high, which makes parts very stiff, strong, and lightweight [3], [4]. Other advantages include a glossy surface and a structure that free of macro-pores, provided when the process is well prepared. The equipment used in this process allows one to manufacture part in virtually any size and shape [5]. The main difficulty is to design resin feed lines in way that will saturate fabrics until the resin gels. To facilitate this process design finite element codes can be used to simulate the flow of resin during infusion [6].

scholarly journals Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Use of Artificial Intelligence in Digital Radiology: The Submission of a Survey to Investigate the Opinion of Insiders

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Daniele Giansanti ◽  
Ivano Rossi ◽  
Lisa Monoscalco
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
General Point ◽  
Thoracic Radiography ◽  
Digital Radiology ◽  
Electronic Survey ◽  
Radiology Technicians ◽  
Medical Radiology ◽  
Great Development

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) during the COVID-19 pandemic is there for all to see, and has undoubtedly mainly concerned the activities of digital radiology. Nevertheless, the strong perception in the research and clinical application environment is that AI in radiology is like a hammer in search of a nail. Notable developments and opportunities do not seem to be combined, now, in the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a stable, effective, and concrete use in clinical routine; the use of AI often seems limited to use in research applications. This study considers the future perceived integration of AI with digital radiology after the COVID-19 pandemic and proposes a methodology that, by means of a wide interaction of the involved actors, allows a positioning exercise for acceptance evaluation using a general purpose electronic survey. The methodology was tested on a first category of professionals, the medical radiology technicians (MRT), and allowed to (i) collect their impressions on the issue in a structured way, and (ii) collect their suggestions and their comments in order to create a specific tool for this professional figure to be used in scientific societies. This study is useful for the stakeholders in the field, and yielded several noteworthy observations, among them (iii) the perception of great development in thoracic radiography and CT, but a loss of opportunity in integration with non-radiological technologies; (iv) the belief that it is appropriate to invest in training and infrastructure dedicated to AI; and (v) the widespread idea that AI can become a strong complementary tool to human activity. From a general point of view, the study is a clear invitation to face the last yard of AI in digital radiology, a last yard that depends a lot on the opinion and the ability to accept these technologies by the operators of digital radiology.

scholarly journals Assessment of Poverty by Municipalities in the Context of Population Ageing—The Case of Małopolskie Voivodeship

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2563
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Ćwiek ◽  
Katarzyna Maj-Waśniowska ◽  
Katarzyna Stabryła-Chudzio
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Social Challenge ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Variables ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Research Gap

This article undertakes the research problem of the assessment of the significance of poverty as a social challenge for local self-government units, and the differences in the assessment of the incidence of this phenomenon depending on the type of municipality. The authors also analyse the relationships between the ageing of the population and the assessment of the extent of poverty by municipalities. It must be pointed out that the undertaken problem has not been a subject of in-depth analysis thus far. Hence, this article fills the identified research gap in this field. The empirical part is based on the results of our own research, conducted using the Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) method on a sample of 144 municipalities of the Małopolskie Voivodship (Poland). In order to verify whether there is a relationship between the researched qualitative variables, the chi-square test of independence was used. In order to determine the relationships occurring between the categories of variables characterising the scale of the incidence of poverty and the remaining variables, a correspondence analysis was conducted. The research enabled us to find the issue of poverty to be one of the most important social problems from the point of view of municipalities. It is also worth noting that the degree of ageing in the population has an impact on the assessment of poverty among the elderly.

Functional Requirements for Effective Decision Making in Humanrobot Teams: Lessons Learned from Operational Settings

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-456
Author(s):  
James Tittle ◽  
William Elm ◽  
Scott Potter
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Reference Frames ◽  
Broad Class ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Urban Search And Rescue ◽  
Robot Teams

Many environments require humans and robots operating together to accomplish complex and dangerous tasks, but technology-centered designs often support robot navigation but not the mission goals of the organization using the robot. Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) is a particularly valuable domain to identify general functional requirements for effective HRI, and our purpose in this paper is to demonstrate how a CSE approach can lead to valuable design guidelines that more effectively support decision making within Human-Robot teams. Our analysis of HRI in USAR lead us to identify several important guidelines for supporting effective coordination for Human-Robot teams: including (i) enable individual problem holders to have direct control over point-of-view to facilitate active information seeking, and (ii) create common reference frames on shared imagery so different problem holders can remotely coordinate information and actions. Designs based on these guidelines will support a broad class of coordinated activities between team members.

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