Topping Combustor Status for Second-Generation Pressurized Fluidized Bed Cycle Application

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Domeracki ◽  
T. E. Dowdy ◽  
D. M. Bachovchin
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Turbine Inlet ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
The Status ◽  
Good Pattern ◽  
Combined Cycles

Second-generation Pressurized Fluidized Bed (PFB) combined cycles employ topping combustion to raise the turbine inlet temperature for enhanced cycle efficiency. This concept creates special combustion system requirements that are very different from requirements of conventional gas turbine systems. The topping combustor provides the means for achieving state-of-the-art turbine inlet temperatures and is the main contributor to enhanced plant performance. The objective of this program is to develop a topping combustor that provides low emissions, and is a durable, efficient device exhibiting stable combustion and manageable wall temperatures. The combustor will be required to burn a low-Btu Syngas under normal “coal-fired” conditions. However, for start-up and/or carbonizer outage, it may be necessary to fire a clean fuel, such as oil or natural gas. Prior testing has shown the Westinghouse Multi-Annular Swirl Burner (MASB) to have excellent potential for this application. Metal wall temperatures can be maintained at acceptable levels, even though most “cooling” is done by 1600°F vitiated air. Good pattern factors and combustion efficiencies have been obtained. Additionally, low conversion rates of fuel bound nitrogen to NOx have been demonstrated. This paper presents an update of the status of an ongoing topping combustor development and test program for application to “Second-Generation Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combined Cycles (PFBCC).” The program is sponsored by the Department of Energy’s Morgantown Energy Technology Center (DOE/METC) and will first be applied commercially into the Clean Coal Technology Round V Four Rivers Energy Modernization Project. Phase 1 of the program involved a conceptual and economic study (Robertson et al., 1988); Phase 2 addresses design and subscale testing of components; and Phase 3 will cover pilot plant testing of components integrated into one system.

Topping Combustor Status for Second Generation Pressurized Fluidized Bed Cycle Application

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Domeracki ◽  
T. E. Dowdy ◽  
Dennis M. Bachovchin
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Turbine Inlet ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
The Status ◽  
Good Pattern ◽  
Combined Cycles

Second-Generation Pressurized Fluidized Bed (PFB) combined cycles employ topping combustion to raise the turbine inlet temperature for enhanced cycle efficiency. This concept creates special combustion system requirements that are very different from requirements of conventional gas turbine systems. The topping combustor provides the means for achieving state-of-the-art turbine inlet temperatures and is the main contributor to enhanced plant performance. The objective of this program is to develop a topping combustor that provides low emissions, and is a durable, efficient device exhibiting stable combustion and manageable wall temperature. The combustor will be required to burn a low-Btu syngas under normal “coal-fired” conditions. However, for start-up and/or carbonizer outage, it may be necessary to fire a clean fuel, such as, oil or natural gas. Prior testing has shown the Westinghouse Multi-Annular Swirl Burner (MASB) to have excellent potential for this application. Metal wall temperatures can be maintained at acceptable levels, even though most “cooling” is done by 1600°F vitiated air. Good pattern factors and combustion efficiencies have been obtained. Additionally, low conversion rates of fuel bound nitrogen to NOx have been demonstrated. This paper presents an update of the status of an ongoing topping combustor development and test program for application to “Second Generation Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combined Cycles (PFBCC).” The program is sponsored by the Department of Energy’s Morgantown Energy Technology Center (DOE/METC) and will first be applied commercially into the Clean Coal Technology Round V Four Rivers Energy Modernization Project. Phase 1 of the program involved a conceptual and economic study (Robertson et al., 1988); Phase 2 addresses design and subscale testing of components; and Phase 3 will cover pilot plant testing of components integrated into one system.

Feasibility Test of a Low Emissions Topping Combustor for Fluidized Bed Applications

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Pillsbury ◽  
Richard V. Garland
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Turbine Inlet Temperature ◽  
Turbine Inlet ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Combined Cycles ◽  
Feasibility Test ◽  
Cooling Air

Combined cycles utilizing fluidized bed combustors, whether they be atmospheric or pressurized, are temperature limited. In order to capture sulfur effectively, bed operating temperature and, therefore, the gas turbine inlet temperature is limited to about 1600°F (1144 K) (Makanski and Schweiger, 1982) in atmospheric beds, and about 1700°F (1200 K) in pressurized beds as reported in DOE/METC/SP-185 (1980). In some applications, material limitations also come into play. While these systems show encouraging economics, they can be enhanced substantially by increasing the turbine inlet temperature. An atmospheric fluidized bed (AFB) example is discussed in this paper. The addition of a topping combustor, thereby increasing the turbine inlet temperature in fluidized bed combined cycles, provides the means for increasing power output which enhances plant economics. Although emissions control and maintaining acceptable wall temperatures are achieved through the application of the multi-annular swirl burner, the design of such a combustor requires careful consideration of cooling and combustion because of the inherently higher cooling air and combustion air temperatures.

Design and Test of a Candidate Topping Combustor for Second Generation PFB Applications

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Garland ◽  
P. W. Pillsbury ◽  
T. E. Dowdy
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Coal Pyrolysis ◽  
Fluidized Bed Combustion ◽  
Lean Burn ◽  
Combined Cycles ◽  
Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion ◽  
Cycle Efficiency

Second Generation Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion Combined Cycles utilize topping combustion to raise the combustion turbine inlet temperature to the state of the art. Principally for this reason, cycle efficiency is improved over first generation PFB systems. Topping combustor design requirements differ from conventional gas turbine combustors since hot, vitiated air from the PFB is used for both cooling and combustion. In addition, the topping combustor fuel, a hot, low-heating value gas produced from coal pyrolysis, contains ammonia. This NOx-forming constituent adds to the combustor’s unique design challenges. The candidate combustor is the multi-annular swirl burner (MASB) based on the design described by J.M. Beér. This concept embodies rich-burn, quick quench, and lean-burn zones formed aerodynamically. The initial test sponsored by the Department of Energy, Morgantown, West Virginia, has been completed and the results of that test are presented.

scholarly journals Exergy Efficiency Optimization for Gas Turbine Based Cogeneration Systems

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana C. Ferreira ◽  
Senhorinha F. Teixeira ◽  
José C. Teixeira ◽  
Manuel L. Nunes ◽  
Luís B. Martins
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Exergy Analysis ◽  
Exergy Efficiency ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
System Component ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Exergy Destruction ◽  
Turbine Inlet Temperature ◽  
Turbine Inlet

Energy degradation can be calculated by the quantification of entropy and loss of work and is a common approach in power plant performance analysis. Information about the location, amount and sources of system deficiencies are determined by the exergy analysis, which quantifies the exergy destruction. Micro-gas turbines are prime movers that are ideally suited for cogeneration applications due to their flexibility in providing stable and reliable power. This paper presents an exergy analysis by means of a numerical simulation of a regenerative micro-gas turbine for cogeneration applications. The main objective is to study the best configuration of each system component, considering the minimization of the system irreversibilities. Each component of the system was evaluated considering the quantitative exergy balance. Subsequently the optimization procedure was applied to the mathematical model that describes the full system. The rate of irreversibility, efficiency and flaws are highlighted for each system component and for the whole system. The effect of turbine inlet temperature change on plant exergy destruction was also evaluated. The results disclose that considerable exergy destruction occurs in the combustion chamber. Also, it was revealed that the exergy efficiency is expressively dependent on the changes of the turbine inlet temperature and increases with the latter.

scholarly journals Topping Combustor Development for Second-Generation Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combined Cycles

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Domeracki ◽  
T. E. Dowdy ◽  
D. M. Bachovchin
Keyword(s):  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Chemical Kinetic ◽  
Hot Gas ◽  
Combined Cycles ◽  
Westinghouse Electric ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
Fluidized Bed Combustor

A project team consisting of Foster Wheeler Development Corporation, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Gilbert/Commonwealth and the Institute of Gas Technology, are developing a Second Generation Pressurized Fluidized Bed System. Foster Wheeler is developing a carbonizer (a partial gasifier) and a pressurized fluidized bed combustor. Both these units operate a nominal 1600°F (870°C) for optimal sulfur capture. Since this temperature is well below the current combustion turbine combustor outlet operating temperature of 2350°F (1290°C) to reach commercialization, a topping combustor and hot gas cleanup (HGCU) equipment must be developed. Westinghouse is participating in the development of the high temperature gas cleanup equipment and the topping combustor. This paper concentrates on the design and test of the topping combustor. The topping combustor in this cycle must utilize a low heating value syngas from the carbonizer at approximately 1600°F (870°C) and 150 to 210 psi (1.0 to 1.4 MPa). The syngas entering the topping combustor has been previously cleaned of particulates and alkali by the hot gas cleanup (HGCU) system. It also contains significant fuel bound nitrogen present as ammonia and other compounds. The fuel-bound nitrogen is significant because it will selectively convert to NOx if the fuel is burned under the highly oxidizing conditions of standard combustion turbine combustors. The fuel must be burned with the vitiated air from the pressurized fluidized bed combustor (PFBC). Oxidizer has been cleaned of particulates and alkali by HGCU system, and has also been partially depleted in oxygen. The 1600°F (870°C) oxidizer must also be utilized to cool the combustor as much as possible, though a small amount of compressor discharge air at a lower temperature 700°F (about 370°C) may be used. The application requirements indicate that a rich-quench-lean (RQL) combustor is necessary and the multi-annular swirl burner (MASB) was selected for further development. This paper provides an update on the development and testing of this MASB combustor. Additionally, Westinghouse has been conducting computational fluid dynamic (CFD) and chemical kinetic studies to assist in the design of the combustor and to help optimize the operation of the combustor. Results of these models are presented and compared to the test results.

Operating Envelopes for Second-Generation PFBC Combined Cycle Plants

1988 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Garland ◽  
A. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Correct Selection ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Exhaust Temperature ◽  
Turbine Inlet ◽  
Temperature Excess ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Combined Cycle Plant

Second-generation PFBC combined cycle plants introduce additional dimensions of operational and configurational considerations over their first generation counterparts. With the capability to raise gas turbine inlet temperatures to state of the art and beyond, the second-generation systems introduce a matrix of parameters that require in-depth analysis before the plant design point can be determined. The interactions among turbine inlet temperature, turbine exhaust temperature, excess-air level, steam conditions, steam cycle participation, PFBC operating temperature, and the configuration of the heat recovery apparatus produce a myriad of possible combined-cycle plant configurations. This paper provides insight into how these parameters interact and how the correct selection of the parametric values can produce various plants of best efficiency, highest output, and simplest configuration.

Materials Issues for PFBC Expander Turbines

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Stringer
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Fluidized Bed Combustion ◽  
Turbine Inlet Temperature ◽  
Erosion Corrosion ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion

Several large pressurized fluidized bed combustion systems have recently been installed. In addition, second-generation concepts are being developed, in which the turbine inlet temperature will be appreciably higher. The durability of the gas turbine expander remains a question for the technology, and experience is limited. The available information is presented, and the potential problems of erosion, corrosion, and erosion/corrosion are discussed.

scholarly journals Thermodynamical Optimization of a Combined Cycle Plant Performance

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sarabchi ◽  
G. T. Polley
Keyword(s):  
Steam Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Performance Optimization ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Combined Cycle ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
Turbine Inlet Temperature ◽  
Turbine Inlet ◽  
Recovery Boiler

Computer modelling of Performance optimization was done to examine the effect of key operating variables like compressor pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature, and recovery boiler pressure on performance parameters of a simple combined cycle and comparison was made to a simple gas turbine cycle. Both thermal efficiency and specific net work were examined as pressure ratio and recovery boiler pressure were varied for each turbine inlet temperature. Also careful consideration was given to admissible values of stack gas temperature, steam turbine outlet dryness fraction, and steam turbine outlet dryness fraction, and steam turbine inlet temperature. Specifically, it was shown that when we treat a combined cycle as an integrated system, efficiency optimization entails a pressure ratio below that suitable for simple gas turbine plant.

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