Thermal Destruction Behavior of Plastic and Nonplastic Wastes in a Laboratory-Scale Facility

1996 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Gupta ◽  
E. Ilanchezhian ◽  
E. L. Keating
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Destruction ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Equilibrium Study ◽  
Toxic Emissions ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Computer Codes ◽  
Combustion Tests ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

Experimental and theoretical studies are presented from a laboratory-scale thermal destruction facility on the destruction behavior of surrogate plastic and nonplastic solid wastes. The nonplastic waste was cellulosic, while the plastic waste contained compounds, such as polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polypropylene, nylon, rubber, and polyurethane, or any of their desired mixtures. A series of combustion tests was performed with samples containing varying composition test was performed with samples containing varying composition of plastic and nonplastic. Experimental results are presented on combustion parameters (CO, excess air, residence time) and toxic emissions (dioxin, furan, metals). Equilibrium thermochemical calculations are presented on the thermal destruction behavior of samples under conditions of pyrolysis, combustion, and pyrolysis followed by combustion. Special interest is on the effect of waste properties and input operational parameters on chemistry and product composition. STANJAN and SOLGASMIX computer codes were used in the chemical equilibrium study. Analysis and interpretation of the data reveal the effect of waste feed composition on combustion parameters and dioxin, furan, and metals emission. Equilibrium calculation results are used to describe the experimentally observed trends for the thermal destruction behavior of these wastes. The results show significant influence of plastic on combustion characteristics, and dioxin, furan, and metals emission.

Efficient treatment of dairy processing wastewater in a laboratory scale Intermittently Aerated Sequencing Batch Reactor (IASBR)

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Leonard ◽  
Emma Tarpey ◽  
William Finnegan ◽  
Xinmin Zhan
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Synthetic Wastewater ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Dairy Processing

This Research Communication describes an investigation into the viability of an Intermittently Aerated Sequencing Batch Reactor (IASBR) for the treatment of dairy processing wastewater at laboratory-scale. A number of operational parameters have been varied and the effect has been monitored in order to determine optimal conditions for maximising removal efficiencies. These operational parameters include Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT), Solids Retention Time (SRT), aeration rate and cycle length. Real dairy processing wastewater and synthetic wastewater have been treated using three laboratory-scale IASBR units in a temperature controlled room. When the operational conditions were established, the units were seeded using sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant for the first experiment, and sludge from a dairy processing factory for the second and third experiment. In experiment three, the reactors were fed on real wastewater from the wastewater treatment plant at this dairy processing factory. These laboratory-scale systems will be used to demonstrate over time that the IASBR system is a consistent, viable option for treatment of dairy processing wastewater in this sector. In this study, the capacity of a biological system to remove both nitrogen and phosphorus within one reactor will be demonstrated. The initial operational parameters for a pilot-scale IASBR system will be derived from the results of the study.

Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Resistive Switching in Grain Boundaries of Polycrystalline Transition Metal Oxide Film

MRS Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-234
Author(s):  
Takumi Moriyama ◽  
Sohta Hida ◽  
Takahiro Yamasaki ◽  
Takahisa Ohno ◽  
Satoru Kishida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Resistive Switching ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Resistive Random Access Memory ◽  
First Principles Calculation ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Grain Surface ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

ABSTRACTPractical use of Resistive Random Access Memory (ReRAM) depends on thorough understanding of the resistive switching (RS) mechanism in polycrystalline metal oxide films. Based on experimental and theoretical results of NiO based ReRAM, we have proposed a grain surface tiling model, in which grain surfaces (i.e. grain boundaries) are composed by insulating and conductive micro surface structures. This paper reports the adequacy of our model to the NiO based ReRAM and universality of surface electronic properties in metal oxides of NiO, CoO and MgO. Experimental results of RS operating modes suggest that the resistance changes in the grain boundaries, supporting our model. First-principles calculation results suggest that our model can be adopted to other metal oxide materials and the RS from a low resistance to a high resistance can be caused at 1000 K, which agrees with previous experimental reports.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Transition Time From Air to Oxy-Combustion

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz Lasek ◽  
Radosław Lajnert ◽  
Krzysztof Głód ◽  
Jarosław Zuwała
Keyword(s):  
Dead Time ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Transition Time ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Characteristic Parameters ◽  
First Order ◽  
Combustion Modes ◽  
Test Parameters ◽  
Combustion Tests

Abstract In this paper some issues of the transition process from air- to oxy-combustion were investigated. Advantages of flexible combustion were described. Flexible combustion tests carried out at four European plants and five plants outside Europe of different scales of process and test parameters were presented. An analysis of the transition time from air to oxy-combustion of different laboratory and pilot scale processes was carried out. The “first-order + dead time” approach was used as a model to describe transition process. Transitional periods between combustion modes and characteristic parameters of the process were determined. The transition time depends not only on the facility’s capacity but also it is impacted by specific operational parameters.

Experimental Studies on Methane-Fuel Laboratory Scale Ram Combustor

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Kinoshita ◽  
J. Kitajima ◽  
Y. Seki ◽  
A. Tatara
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Flame Stability ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Critical Problem ◽  
Test Program ◽  
Mach 3 ◽  
Simulated Condition ◽  
Combustion Tests

The laboratory scale ram combustor test program has been investigating to obtain fundamental combustion characteristics of a ram combustor which operates from Mach 2.5 to 5 for the super/hypersonic transport propulsion system. In our previous study, combustion efficiency had been found poor, less than 70%, due to a low inlet air temperature and a high velocity at Mach 3 condition. To improve the low combustion efficiency a fuel zoning combustion concept was investigated by using a sub-scale combustor model first. Combustion efficiency more than 90% was achieved and the concept was found very effective. Then a laboratory scale ram combustor was fabricated and combustion tests were carried out mainly at the simulated condition of Mach 5. A vitiation technique was used to simulate a high temperature of 1263 K. The test results indicates that ignition, flame stability and combustion efficiency were not so significant but the NOx emissions are a critical problem for the ram combustor at Mach 5 condition.

Investigation of multi-event spark discharge strategy for lean methane-air combustion

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440702098459
Author(s):  
Hua Zhu ◽  
Xiao Yu ◽  
Li Liang ◽  
Ming Zheng ◽  
Graham Reader
Keyword(s):  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
High Background ◽  
Flame Kernel ◽  
Single Coil ◽  
Constant Volume Combustion Chamber ◽  
Spark Plasma ◽  
Working Frequency ◽  
Combustion Tests

The characterization of the single-coil repetitive discharge and the dual-coil offset discharge was conducted in a constant volume combustion chamber to better understand the operating principle of the multi-event spark ignition strategies. A parametric study of the dual-coil offset discharge was carried out through electric and optical diagnosis to identify the effective operational parameters, including coil working frequency, charging voltage, and coil inductances. Combustion tests under both quiescent and flow conditions with methane-air mixture were performed to demonstrate the ignition capability of the dual-coil offset strategy. Test results have shown that constantly depositing spark energy through offset discharge is beneficial to secure flame kernel. However, the offset discharge strategy requires a high working frequency, an elevated charging voltage, and fast reacting coils to maintain the spark plasma channel under high background pressure and intensified flow conditions.

Full-Scale Atmospheric Tests of Sequential Combustion

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ciani ◽  
A. Eroglu ◽  
F. Gu¨the ◽  
B. Paikert
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Combustion Dynamics ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Scaling Methods ◽  
Combustion Technology ◽  
Combustion Tests

Sequential combustion system of GT24 and GT26 engines from Alstom consists of a primary combustor, followed by a turbine and a re-heat combustor. This technology is capable of achieving the most rigorous emission targets at base-load operation, with an additional benefit of delivering very low NOx and CO emissions down to extremely low part load. This paper describes further development of the reheat technology with the help of multiple tools, with special consideration given to atmospheric tests. Prior to more demanding high-pressure combustion tests, full-scale atmospheric tests are utilized in order to down-select the most promising variants in a relatively cost-effective setup. Atmospheric tests are used additionally to gain insight into fundamental physics of reheat combustion, thanks to optical access and applicability of complicated measurement methods. A number of parameters, including NOx, CO, UHC emissions, temperature distribution, flashback margin, pressure drop and — to some extend — combustion dynamics can be assessed with the help of atmospheric tests. In order to increase the applicability of atmospheric test results to high-pressure conditions, the ignition and reaction characteristics of high-pressure flames must be reproduced at atmospheric conditions. This can be done through adjustment of operational parameters such as incoming temperature, as well as using fuel blends with modified ignition properties. The scaling methods as well as recent analyses on improvement areas for this unique combustion technology are discussed.

EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MEMBRANE-BASED ENERGY RECOVERY VENTILATOR PERFORMANCE

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 1150004 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. MIN ◽  
M. SU ◽  
L. N. WANG
Keyword(s):  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Theoretical Investigations ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Ventilator Performance ◽  
Intermediate Value ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

Experimental and theoretical studies were conducted to investigate the performance of a membrane-based energy recovery ventilator, which is an air-to-air heat exchanger with a water vapor permeable core. Tests were done on a commercially available membrane-based energy recovery ventilator, during which the supply and exhaust air states were recorded continuously over a long period of time. The test results show that as time passes the sensible effectiveness decreases very slightly from 56% to 55%, while the latent effectiveness increases appreciably from 28% to 39%. As a resultant of sensible and latent effectiveness, the enthalpy effectiveness provides an intermediate value between them and increases from 39% to 43%. The reason that the effectiveness changes with time is that the air relative humidity changes with time, which alters the moisture content at the membrane surface. Calculations were then implemented to predict the performance of the membrane-based energy recovery ventilator based on the model we developed previously and the calculation results were compared with the experimental data. The comparison suggests that the calculated effectiveness agrees well with the measured one, supporting the reasonability of the model. Calculations were also made to investigate the effects of various membrane parameters on latent and enthalpy effectiveness and latent-to-sensible heat ratio.

scholarly journals Temperature modes of the contactor contacts during the test for the limiting breaking capacity

2020 ◽  
Vol 220 ◽  
pp. 01065
Author(s):  
E.G. Egorov ◽  
A.G Kulagina ◽  
N.Yu. Luiya ◽  
R.V. Fedorov ◽  
V.N. Pichugin
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Thermionic Emission ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Thermal Processes ◽  
Theoretical Studies ◽  
Ionic Component ◽  
Electrical Devices ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Temperature Equalization ◽  
Experimental And Theoretical Studies

The processes of electric arc quenching of an electromagnetic contactor during testing for ultimate breaking capacity are considered. The conditions for facilitating the successful arc quenching when turning off the limiting currents are shown: by reducing the phase shift between current and voltage, by reducing the amplitude of the restriking and recovery voltages. The processes of anode heating during arcing (heat saturation mode), after the change of polarity and transition of the current through zero, processes on the cathode in the temperature equalization mode are considered. The mathematical models of cathode thermal processes adressed the heat fluxes of the ionic component and evaporation. The mathematical models of anode thermal processes in the temperature equalization mode took into account the heat fluxes of the ionic component, thermionic emission, and evaporation. The calculations were carried out for the averaged values of thermophysical coefficients for copper, since the arc base moves from the contacts to the contact holders, which are made of copper or its alloys. The calculation results showed that the used mathematical models of thermal processes are appropriate both for the cathode and for the anode. This was confirmed by the results of previously performed and published experimental and theoretical studies of thermal processes at the switching contacts of electrical devices.

scholarly journals Evaluation Of Radionuclides Release Estimation Of Power Reactor Using Scdap / Relap

KnE Energy ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jupiter Sitorus Pane
Keyword(s):  
Cooling System ◽  
Reactor Core ◽  
Severe Accident ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Fuel Temperature ◽  
Primary Coolant ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Computer Codes ◽  
Radionuclide Release ◽  
Cladding Material

<p>Incident of radiation release to the environment is important event in reactor safety analysis. Numerous studies have been conducted using various computer codes, including SCDAP/RELAP, to calculate radionuclide releases into the reactor coolant during severe accident. This paper contains description of calculation results of radionuclide release from reactor core to primary coolant system in a1000 MW PWR reactor with the aim to study behavior of radionuclide releases during severe accident. The calculations using SCDAP/RELAP was done by assuming that there has been a station black out which ends up with some vapor released into the containment. As a result, the water level in core was reduced up to a level where the core is no longer covered by water. The uncovered core heats up to certain temperature where the oxidation of the cladding started to occur.  Afterwards the oxidation generated heat made fuel melting temperature reached and as consequences the release of radionuclide to the primary coolant.  The calculations show that in parallel with the increasing of fuel temperature, the radionuclide releases into the gap through diffusion started at time of 2000seconds after initial simulation but with a neglected concentration. Subsequently at the time of 29200seconds, the temperature reached more than 1000 K and the oxidation of the Zr-cladding material occurred which accelerated the fuel temperature increase and as well as radionuclide release. At34000seconds, maximum temperature of core reached 2800 K and radionuclide release into the primary cooling system started. At this time, accumulated dissolve fission product reached amount of 74.5 kg, while the non-condensable radionuclide reached 122 kg. However, these value need to be investigated further.</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document