JP-8+100: The Development of High-Thermal-Stability Jet Fuel

1996 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Heneghan ◽  
S. Zabarnick ◽  
D. R. Ballal ◽  
W. E. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
High Thermal Stability ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Additive Package ◽  
Primary Coolant ◽  
Free Radical Theory ◽  
Radical Theory ◽  
Current Availability ◽  
Strategic Factors

Jet fuel requirements have evolved over the years as a balance of the demands placed by advanced aircraft performance (technological need), fuel cost (economic factors), and fuel availability (strategic factors). In a modern aircraft, the jet fuel not only provides the propulsive energy for flight, but also is the primary coolant for aircraft and engine subsystems. To meet the evolving challenge of improving the cooling potential of jet fuel while maintaining the current availability at a minimal price increase, the U.S. Air Force, industry, and academia have teamed to develop an additive package for JP-8 fuels. This paper describes the development of an additive package for JP-8, to produce “JP-8+100.” This new fuel offers a 55°C (100°F) increase in the bulk maximum temperature (from 325°F to 425°F) and improves the heat sink capability by 50 percent. Major advances made during the development of JP-8+100 fuel include the development of several new quantitative fuel analysis tests, a free radical theory of autooxidation, adaptation of new chemistry models to computational fluid dynamics programs, and a nonparametric statistical analysis to evaluate thermal stability. Hundreds of additives were tested for effectiveness, and a package of additives was then formulated for JP-8 fuel. This package has been tested for fuel system materials compatibility and general fuel applicability. To date, the flight testing has shown an improvement in thermal stability of JP-8 fuel. This improvement has resulted in a significant reduction in fuel-related maintenance costs and a threefold increase in mean time between fuel-related failures. In this manner, a novel high-thermal-stability jet fuel for the 21st century has been successfully developed.

Advanced Jet Fuels — JP-4 Through JP-8 and Beyond

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Harrison ◽  
H. C. Mongia ◽  
S. P. Heneghan ◽  
D. R. Ballal
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Heat Sink ◽  
Aircraft Design ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Fuel System ◽  
Additive Package ◽  
Primary Coolant ◽  
Radical Theory

Jet fuel requirements have evolved over the years as a balance of the demands placed by advanced aircraft performance (technological need), fuel cost (economic factors), and fuel availability (strategic factors). In a modern aircraft, the jet fuel is the primary coolant for aircraft and engine subsystems and provides the propulsive energy for flight. To meet the evolving challenges, the U.S. Air Force, industry and academia have teamed to develop new and improved fuels that offer increased heat sink and thermal stability, properties that will enable improved aircraft design and decrease fuel system maintenance due to fuel fouling/coking. This paper describes the team effort to develop improved JP-8, named “JP-8+100”, that offers a 55C (100F) improvement in thermal stability and a 50% increase in heat sink. The government, industry, and academia team has made numerous advances in the development of JP-8+100 with a more complete understanding of the fundamental processes of deposition, new approaches to reducing fouling/coking, and new tests and models to assist the designers of aircraft and engine fuel systems. Some of the principal advances are: new quantitative research devices and fuel system simulators that provide thermal stability information that cannot be obtained using the standard JFTOT test; new techniques to measure oxygen consumption and fuel degradation pathways; a free radical theory to explain behaviors such as the inverse relationship between thermal and oxidative stability, advanced CFD models with coupled degradation chemistry, and a new thermal stability ranking scale for jet fuels. The insight obtained has been applied to the development of an additive package for JP-8 that shows thermal stability improvements equal to or greater than the stated goal and enables the development of even higher thermal stability fuels such as JP-900.

JP-8+100 - The development of high thermal stability jet fuel

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Heneghan ◽  
S. Zabarnick ◽  
D. Ballal ◽  
W. Harrison, III
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
High Thermal Stability

scholarly journals The effect of temperature on the growth of pox viruses in the chick embryo

1961 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. S. Bedson ◽  
K. R. Dumbell
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
High Thermal Stability ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Thermal Stabilities ◽  
Ceiling Temperature ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Vaccinia Strain

The ‘ceiling temperature’ of a pox virus has been defined as the maximum temperature (to the nearest 0·5° C.) of incubation at and below which that virus will grow and produce pocks on the chorioallantois of 12-day-old chick embryos, and above which no pocks appear.Ceiling temperatures have been estimated for: alastrim (2 strains), 37·5° C.; variola major (2 strains), 3·8° C.; ectromelia (3 strains) and monkey pox (1 strain), 39°C.; cowpox (2 strains), 40°C. Five strains of vaccinia and two of rabbit pox were all capable of pock formation at 40·5° C. Above this temperature difficulty was encountered because many embryos died. But the ceiling temperature for two strains of vaccinia and one strain of rabbit pox was probably 41° C. The Utrecht strain of rabbit pox produced some lesions at 41·5° C.—the highest temperature used.The ceiling temperatures of the viruses used were not correlated with their thermal stabilities at 55°C.in vitro. Thus vaccinia strain, Lederle-7 N, had a high ceiling temperature and a low thermal stability, while variola major had a low ceiling temperature and a high thermal stability. For this reason ceiling temperatures and thermal stability are regarded as distinct characters.In experiments with twelve of the seventeen viruses of which the ceiling temperatures had been determined, the virulence for the chick embryo was then measured. It was found that, in general, the higher the ceiling temperature of a virus the greater was its virulence for the chick embryo.The presentation of these results is followed by a brief discussion of their significance and potential use.

The Effects of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Fractional Oxygen Consumption, and Additives on JP-8 Thermal Stability

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (4) ◽  
pp. 822-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Ervin ◽  
T. F. Williams ◽  
S. P. Heneghan ◽  
S. Zabarnick
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Fuel System ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Additive Package

Since dissolved oxygen participates in fuel deposit formation, knowledge of the effects of dissolved oxygen concentration on fuel thermal stability is critical for fuel system design. In this work, the combined effects of dissolved oxygen availability and additives on jet fuel thermal stability are studied. Experiments with JP-8 jet fuel were conducted in a three-part heat exchanger that simulated a complex thermal and flow environment. The dissolved oxygen content at the flow inlet was varied, and deposition was studied under conditions of either fractional or complete oxygen consumption. The effects of a thermal stability additive package were also studied. An intriguing result found with JP-8 fuels is an increase in deposits formed in heated regions for decreased oxygen consumption, but inverse behavior with the additive package.

scholarly journals The Effects of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Fractional Oxygen Consumption, and Additives on JP-8 Thermal Stability

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Ervin ◽  
T. F. Williams ◽  
S. P. Heneghan ◽  
S. Zabarnick
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Fuel System ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Additive Package

Since dissolved oxygen participates in fuel deposit formation, knowledge of the effects of dissolved oxygen concentration on fuel thermal stability is critical for fuel system design. In this work, the combined effects of dissolved oxygen availability and additives on jet fuel thermal stability are studied. Experiments with JP-8 jet fuel were conducted in a three-part heat exchanger which simulated a complex thermal and flow environment. The dissolved oxygen content at the flow inlet was varied, and deposition was studied under conditions of either fractional or complete oxygen consumption. The effects of a thermal stability additive package were also studied. An intriguing result found with JP-8 fuels is an increase in deposits formed in heated regions for decreased oxygen consumption, but inverse behavior with the additive package.

Wide-bandgap bipolar material with high thermal stability

2019 ◽  
pp. 903
Author(s):  
Sheng-Chieh Lin ◽  
Yu-Chieh Cheng ◽  
Man-Kit Leung ◽  
Jiun-Haw Lee ◽  
Tien-Lung Chiu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Wide Bandgap ◽  
High Thermal Stability

New Deep Blue Emitting Materials Based on Indenopyrazine Core with High Thermal Stability

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 4639-4643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Hun Seok ◽  
Young-Il Park ◽  
Soo-Kang Kim ◽  
Ji-Hoon Lee ◽  
Jongwook Park
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
High Thermal Stability ◽  
Deep Blue

scholarly journals Improved thermally stable oligoetherols from 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1080-1086
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Chmiel-Szukiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Boric Acid ◽  
Ethylene Carbonate ◽  
Pyrimidine Ring ◽  
Polyurethane Foams ◽  
High Thermal Stability ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Maldi Tof ◽  
Instrumental Methods

AbstractSyntheses of oligoetherols with a 1,3-pyrimidine ring and boron atoms using 6-aminouracil, ethylene carbonate and boric acid has been proposed. The structure of the obtained products were determined by instrumental methods (IR, 1H-NMR and MALDI-ToF spectra). The physicochemical and thermal properties of oligoetherols were examined. The products were characterized by high thermal stability. Based on the tests performed, it was found that oligoetherols obtained from 6-aminouracil, boric acid and ethylene carbonate are suitable for the manufacturing of polyurethane foams with improved thermal stability and reduced flammability.

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