Field Tests of the Solar Water Detoxification SOLWATER Reactor in Los Pereyra, Tucumán, Argentina

2006 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Navntoft ◽  
Paula Araujo ◽  
Marta I. Litter ◽  
María C. Apella ◽  
Diego Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Shallow Aquifer ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Feed Tank ◽  
Cultivable Bacteria ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
In Series

The SOLWATER reactor prototype is composed of two tubes containing a supported heterogeneous photocatalyst (Ahlstrom© paper impregnated with titanium dioxide), and two tubes containing a supported photosensitizer (designed and provided by G. Orellana, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain). The tubes are placed on a CPC collector and run in series. Electricity is provided by a solar panel, and the recirculation rate is ca13Lmin−1. Total volume in the feed tank plus tubes is 20L. The reactor was designed and constructed by the consortium of a European research project whose objective is on the development of a fully autonomous solar reactor system to purify drinking water in remote locations of developing countries. The prototype was placed in the yard of a shanty house in Los Pereyra, Tucumán, Argentina. Water to feed the reactor is taken from the shallow aquifer through an open well. This water is contaminated with high counts of coliforms and Enterococcus faecalis. It also contains widely variable levels of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The chemical composition of the water shows high levels of natural organic matter and of various inorganic pollutants. The reactor has been running since February 22, 2005. This paper presents the results collected in three months of operation. Around 4hr operation on a sunny day, and 5-6hr on a cloudy day are required to totally destroy fecal coliforms and Ent. faecalis. Even 24h after the experiment is concluded, no cultivable bacteria are seen by the membrane filtration method (measured colony forming units after 24hr=0). On the other hand, a small number of total coliforms remain (a few percent or less of the original count) at the end of some of the latest experiments. Possible explanations for this result are the drop in ambient temperature, the decrease in solar irradiance, and the exhaustion of the catalyst and sensitizer. P. aeruginosa is much more resistant, and only partial destruction is observed in those time intervals. The evolution of chemical parameters is also presented and discussed.

The relationship between three potential pathogens and pollution indicator organisms in Nova Scotian coastal waters

1983 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1261-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Robertson ◽  
R. S. Tobin
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Pollution Indicator ◽  
Nova Scotian

Fifteen stations, in two estuaries, along the Northumberland Strait of Nova Scotia were examined between June and September 1981 for a relationship between the concentrations of commonly monitored fecal indicator bacteria and the potential pathogens Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Increased densities of these three organisms were usually associated with high densities of indicator bacteria. Whereas C. albicans and P. aeruginosa occur in human fecal wastes, V. parahaemolyticus is indigenous to the marine environment and positively responds to elevated nutrient levels in sewage. There is also some evidence that these bacteria survive as long or longer in marine waters than the common indicator bacteria. While membrane-filtration techniques for the enumeration of C. albicans and P. aeruginosa proved satisfactory, a V. parahaemolyticus membrane-filtration method lacked specificity and was supplemented by a most-probable-number method. In marine recreational and shellfish waters, these three organisms could complement fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci as indicators of human fecal contamination.

Presumptive identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae on m-FC medium

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 1774-1776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Stramer
Keyword(s):  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Light Blue ◽  
Colony Type ◽  
Presumptive Identification ◽  
Dark Blue

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a human and animal pathogen frequently encountered in the environment. The membrane-filtration method utilizing m-FC medium for the detection of fecal coliforms yields a colony type easily distinguishable as K. pneumoniae. These colonies appear as atypical light blue, nucleated, mucoid colonies differing considerably from the typical dark blue fecal coliform colonies.

scholarly journals Comparison of Membrane Filtration and Replica Plate Technique to Detect Fecal Coliform

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bikram Gautam ◽  
Rameshwar Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Routine Basis

Introduction: Membrane filtration (MF) is one of the widely used technique on a routine basis. On the other hand, replica plate (RP) technique can be used to transfer existing bacterial colonies in two plates which even allows pinpointing the original colony. The aim of this study is to comparatively detect the cfu/100 mL of fecal coliform using membrane filtration and replica plate techniques.Methods: In the study, a total of 25 bottled water were selected from the local market in Kathmandu valley. The total coliform count was detected using MF, while fecal coliform was detected using both MF and RP technique.Results: It was found that the average cfu/100 mL for total coliform, fecal coliform (MF) and fecal coliform (RP) were 143.38, 49.82 and 51.00 respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient calculated between total coliform and fecal coliform (MF), total coliform and fecal coliform (RP), fecal coliform (MF) and fecal coliform (RP) were found to be 0.695, 0.733 and 0.990 respectively; implying a positive correlation Conclusions: It has been demonstrated that intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence colony forming units. Furthermore, RP is a more sensitive method for screening fecal coliforms although both MF and RP can be efficiently used.

scholarly journals Elimination of enteric indicators and pathogenic bacteria in secondary effluents and lake water by solar disinfection (SODIS)

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adel A. S. AL-Gheethi ◽  
I. Norli ◽  
Mohd Omar Ab. Kadir
Keyword(s):  
Lake Water ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Solar Disinfection ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Secondary Effluents

The reduction of enteric indicators (fecal coliforms (FC) and Enterococcus faecalis) and elimination of pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus) in the secondary effluents and lake water by solar disinfection (SODIS) was studied in this article. FC, E. faecalis, Salmonella spp. and S. aureus were isolated and enumerated using membrane filtration techniques after SODIS of samples inside transparent polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 h. The results show that SODIS can reduce numbers of FC, Salmonella spp. and S. aureus by more than 4 log10 colony forming units (CFU)/100 mL after 6 h. However, regrowth of these bacteria was observed after the incubation of the treated samples at 37 °C for 24 h, whereas SODIS for 8 h would eliminate pathogenic bacteria and no regrowth would be observed in these samples as determined by an absence and presence technique using enrichment medium. E. faecalis was not eliminated in the secondary effluents and lake water by SODIS, but this bacterium was reduced to less than detection limits (1 CFU/100 mL) when the treated secondary effluent samples were stored for 16 days at room temperature. The elimination of pathogenic bacteria and reduction of enteric indicators resulted in undetectable levels using SODIS for secondary effluents and lake water.

scholarly journals PERSISTENCE OF TOTAL AND FECAL COLIFORMS AND Pseudomonas aeruginosa IN IN NATURA WATER SAMPLES FROM RIVERS THAT SUPPLY A WATER TREATMENT STATION IN CURITIBA, BRAZIL

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (70/72) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mônica Paul Freitas ◽  
Marita Maciel Moreira Laskowski ◽  
Carlos Roberto Dalke ◽  
Patricia do Rocio Dalzoto ◽  
Ida Chapaval Pimentel
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Water Treatment Station ◽  
Iguaçu River

An unknown parcel of the planet water is contaminated by chemical and/or biological agents. Human and other animals excreta have been associated to many infectious diseases that can be disseminated through contaminated water. Enteric bacteria and other pathogens can cause gastroenteritis, cholera, systemic infections, among others. Once in the environment, these microorganisms can persist for large periods of time and under certain conditions can even replicate, increasing their number. This paper aimed the research and evaluation of survival rates for total coliforms, fecal coliforms (Escherichia coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in natura water samples from Passaúna and Iraí barrages and Iguaçú River, in Curitiba, Paraná. Colimetric analysis of water samples were performed by the membrane filtration method 64 Freitas MP, Blaskowski MMM, Dalke CR, Dalzoto PR, Pimentel IC. Estud and P. aeruginosa research was assayed using the multiple tubes method in Asparagin and Acetamyde Broth. Confirmatory tests such as catalase presence, citocrome oxidase test and pigment P (pyocyanin) production were also performed. It was observed the occurrence of total coliforms in water samples from Iguaçú River for approximately 50 days, while in Iraí and Passaúna barrages, the periods were 35 and 14 days, respectively. Fecal coliforms were found for about 35 days in samples from Iguaçú River and Iraí barrage, while in Passaúna barrage only for 14 days. P. aeruginosa persisted for approximately 63 days in all the water samples assayed. The higher persistence rate observed in P. aeruginosa can be related to an antagonism towards total and fecal coliforms, which had their populations decreased.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Occurrence, Concentration, and Removal of Pathogenic Parasites and Fecal Coliforms in Three Waste Stabilization Pond Systems in Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdallah Zacharia ◽  
Wajihu Ahmada ◽  
Anne H. Outwater ◽  
Billy Ngasala ◽  
Rob Van Deun
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Waste Stabilization

In Tanzania, waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) are employed to treat wastewater, and effluents are used for urban agricultural activities. The use of untreated or partially treated wastewater poses risks of disease transmission, including parasitic and bacterial infections, to exposed communities. Little is known about the occurrence, concentration, and removal of parasites and fecal coliform (FC) bacteria in WSPs in Tanzania. This study evaluates the occurrence and concentration of parasites and FCs in wastewater, the efficiency of WSPs in removing parasites and FCs, and the validity of using FCs as an indicator of parasites. This was a cross-sectional study conducted between February and August 2018. Wastewater samples were collected from three WSPs located in the Morogoro, Mwanza, and Iringa regions. APHA methods were used to test physicochemical parameters. The modified Bailenger method and Ziehl–Neelsen stain were used to analyse parasites. Membrane filtration method was used to analyse FCs. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 20. Helminth egg removal ranged from 80.8% to 100%. Protozoan (oo)cyst removal ranged from 98.8% to 99.9%. The Mwanza WSP showed the highest FC reduction (3.8 log units (100 mL)−1). Both the parasites and FCs detected in the effluents of assessed WSPs were of higher concentrations than World Health Organization and Tanzania Bureau of Standards limits, except for helminths in the Morogoro WSP and FCs in the Mwanza WSP. FCs were significantly correlated with protozoa (p<0.01) and predicted protozoa occurrence well (p=0.011). There were correlations between physicochemical parameters, parasites, and FC bacteria in the WSP systems. Inadequate performance of these systems may be due to lack of regular maintenance and/or systems operating beyond their capacity. FC indicators were observed to be a good alternative for protozoa monitoring, but not for helminths. Therefore, during wastewater quality monitoring, helminths should be surveyed independently.

An Improved Membrane Filtration Method for Enumeration of Faecal Coliforms and E. Coli by a Fluorogenic β-Glucuronidase Assay

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 267-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Augoustinos ◽  
N. A. Grabow ◽  
B. Genthe ◽  
R. Kfir
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Environmental Waters ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Glucuronidase Assay

A fluorogenic β-glucuronidase assay comprising membrane filtration followed by selective enumeration on m-FC agar at 44.5°C and further confirmation using tlie 4-metliylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (MUG) containing medium was evaluated for the detection of Escherichia coli in water. A total of 200 typical blue and non-typical blue colonies were isolated from sea and fresh water samples using initial selective enumeration on m-FC agar. Pure cultures of the selected colonies were further tested using the MUG assay and identified using the API 20E method. Of the colonies tested which were shown to be positive using the MUG assay 99.4% were Escherichia coli. The results of this study indicate the combination of the m-FC method followed by the MUG assay to be highly efficient for the selection and confirmation of E. coli from a wide range of environmental waters.

Microbiological Quality of Fresh Blue Crabmeat, Clams and Oysters

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 978-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. WENTZ ◽  
A. P. DURAN ◽  
A. SWARTZENTRUBER ◽  
A. H. SCHWAB ◽  
R. B. READ
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Geometric Means ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Eastern Oysters

The microbiological quality of fresh blue crabmeat, soft- and hardshell clams and shucked Eastern oysters was determined at the retail (crabmeat, oysters) and wholesale (clams) levels. Geometric means of aerobic plate counts incubated at 35°C were: blue crabmeat 140,000 colony-forming units (CFU)/g, hardshell clams, 950 CFU/g, softshell clams 680 CFU/g and shucked Eastern oysters 390,000 CFU/g. Coliform geometric means ranged from 3,6/100 g for hardshell clams to 21/g for blue crabmeat. Means for fecal coliforms or Escherichia coli ranged from &lt;3/100 g for clams to 27/100 g for oysters, The mean Staphylococcus aureus count in blue crabmeat was 10/g.

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