The Implications of Burning a Blend of Waste Materials in a Fluidizied Bed Combustor

2006 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Gulyurtlu ◽  
P. Abelha ◽  
D. Boavida ◽  
J. Seabra ◽  
S. Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Decentralized Energy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Bed Material

A mixture involving wood, plastics, paper, and textile materials was burned in a fluidized bed combustor to monitor the gaseous emissions and to analyze the ashes collected in different locations of the installation. The ashes collected were first analyzed to verify the partitioning of heavy metals in different ash streams. They were then subjected to leaching tests to verify the solubility of different components present. There is a growing interest in utilizing wastes, which cannot be recycled for further use, for energy, particularly in Europe as the amounts are great and the cost of depositing them in landfills has become very considerable. These wastes are considered renewable sources and the recent policy is to encourage their use for energy, especially for decentralized energy production. However, these wastes may be contaminated and have to be verified that their utilization for energy does not bring about any adverse consequences on the environment. Each component making up the blend to be used as fuel needs to be analyzed to determine not only its composition but also its heating value so that the final blend to be prepared could present minimum risk for emissions of pollutants, ideally less than coal and with a heating value comparable, at least, to that of coal. The results obtained suggest that (i) the combustion efficiency was very high, (ii) there was an enrichment of ashes with heavy metals in the cyclones compared to the bed material, (iii) the gaseous pollutants were below the permitted limits, and (iv) the ashes did not have tendency for leaching. Such mixtures could, therefore, be used as a solid fuel in industry as a substitution for coal or heavy fuel oil.

The Implications of Burning a Blend of Waste Materials in a Fluidised Bed Combustor

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Gulyurtlu ◽  
P. Abelha ◽  
D. Boavida ◽  
J. Seabra ◽  
S. Gomes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Decentralized Energy ◽  
The Cost

A mixture involving wood, plastics, paper and textile materials was burned in a fluidised bed combustor to monitor the gaseous emissions and to analyse the ashes collected in different locations of the installation. The ashes collected were first analysed to verify the partitioning of heavy metals in different ash streams. They were then subjected to leaching tests to verify the solubility of different components present. There is a growing interest in utilizing wastes, which cannot be recycled for further use, for energy, particularly in Europe as the amounts are great and the cost of depositing them in landfills has become very considerable. These wastes are considered renewable sources and the recent policy is to encourage their use for energy, especially for decentralized energy production. However, these wastes may be contaminated and have to be verified that their utilization for energy does not bring about any adverse consequences on the environment. Each component making up the blend to be used as fuel needs to be analysed to determine not only its composition but also its heating value so that the final blend to be prepared could present minimum risk for emissions of pollutants, ideally less than coal and with a heating value comparable, at least, to that of coal. The results obtained suggest that i) the combustion efficiency was very high, ii) there was an enrichment of ashes with heavy metals in the cyclones compared to the bed material, iii) the gaseous pollutants were below the permitted limits and iv) the ashes did not have tendency for leaching. The mixture could, therefore, be used as a solid fuel in industry as a substitution for coal or heavy fuel oil.

2015 North American ECA: Lessons Learned in CA

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Savings ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
Filter Clogging ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Normal Ambient ◽  
Distillate Fuel

California experienced a 300% increase in loss of propulsion (LOP) incidents since its distillate fuel regulation came into effect in 2009. The compression ignition (Diesel) engines aboard modern cargo ships over 10,000 gross tons use 3.0% sulfur Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO). This fuel must be heated to flow through the fuel lines because at normal ambient temperature HFO has the consistency of tar. Distillate fuel in contrast does not require the high temperatures, and the thermodynamics of cooling metal, gaskets and seals resulted in leaks, along with filter clogging from engine buildup scrubbing. In addition, the cost savings of using HFO are significant over the use of distillate fuel which is typically around US$300 more per ton.

The Study of Combustion of Municipal Waste in a Fluidised Bed Combustor

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Gulyurtlu ◽  
T. Crujeira ◽  
P. Abelha ◽  
D. Boavida ◽  
J. Seabra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Gaseous Pollutants ◽  
Fluidised Bed ◽  
Combustion Gases ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
Control Devices ◽  
Emission Limits ◽  
Bed Material

The combustion behaviour of municipal solid waste was studied in a pilot fluidised bed combustor. The waste was pelletised prior to its use. Both co-firing with coal and combustion of waste alone were under taken. The combustion studies were carried out on the pilot installation of INETI. The fluidised bed combustor is square in cross section with each side being 300 mm long. Its height is 5000 mm. There is a second air supply to the freeboard at different heights to deal with high volatile fuels. There was a continuous monitoring of the temperatures in the bed, as well as the composition of the combustion gases. The combustion gases leaving the reactor were let go through the recycling cyclone first to capture most of particulates elutriated out of the combustor. There was a second cyclone which was employed with the aim of increasing the overall efficiency of collecting solid particles. The gaseous pollutants leaving the stack were sampled under iso-kinetic conditions for particulate matter, chlorine compounds and heavy metals. The ash streams were characterised for heavy metals. The results obtained were compared with national legislation. The results obtained suggest that i) the combustion efficiency was very high, ii) there was an enrichment of ashes with heavy metals in the cyclones compared to the bed material, iii) in general, the gaseous pollutants were below the permited limits, and iv) for the compliance with the new European Directive for stricter emission limits adequate control devices, like bag filters, should be integrated with RDF combustion.

HOW A LOCAL NGO SUCCEEDED IN CLEANING UP THE LEBANON OIL SPILL, 2006

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Elsarji
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Local People ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Protective Gear ◽  
Local Ngo ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Sunken Oil

ABSTRACT The oil spill in Lebanon in August 2006 resulted in 15000 tons of heavy fuel oil covering more than 160 kilometers of beaches and sea floor of Lebanon. Bahr Loubnan is a Lebanese NGO who volunteered to undertake the clean-up work as a gift to the Lebanese people. Bahr Loubnan experts made a full assessment of the situation; divers explored the sea floor and located all patches of fuel that sank, as another team toured and assessed every affected beach. As a result, a detailed plan was prepared and submitted to the Lebanese government who gave its approval on Sept. 7th 2006. The clean-up crew cleaned any sunken oil found on the bottom of the sea and on two thirds of the affected beaches. The cost of the whole operation, including the cost of all needed equipment, protective gear, storage tanks, transportation and food, was less than half a million dollars. Local people who were hired to work in the clean-up operations were treated as partners in the project and not as “Laborers”. Fifty professional divers were assigned the job of cleaning the oil found on the sea floor. Sandy and pebbles beaches were cleaned by surf washing, which proved very successful. Powerful “Cachiers” pumping water at a pressure of 1450 bars were used to clean the oil off rocky beaches. The operation was a success. It would be impossible for anyone to distinguish between beaches that were polluted and those who were not.

Turbine Off-Line Water Wash Optimization Approach for Power Generation

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Basendwah ◽  
P. Pilidis ◽  
Y. G. Li
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Ash Deposition ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Water Washing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Gains And Losses

Utility Gas turbine users are keen to use crude and heavy fuel oil as their prime operating fuels if they meet environmental regulations and are economically feasible. Fouling, or ash deposition, is one of the associated technical problems with burning such fuels. This paper intended to present new off-line water washing optimization approach for simple cycle gas turbines. In this approach, increased costs due to power loss and increased fuel consumption due to turbine fouling are analyzed. Gains and losses resulting from shutdown due to turbine washing and the cost of cleaning materials are estimated. These losses are compared with that of a clean engine to find the optimal turbine off-line water washing interval. A model gas turbine similar to the GE MS7001 EA has been built for the current study. Turbine fouling simulation and fouling detection have been determined by Cranfield University TURBOMATCH/PYTHIA software. The optimum washing interval for the datum engine is found to be once every fifteen continuous operating days. The effect of changing the washing frequency is shown on financial terms.

scholarly journals Swirling Flame Combustion of Heavy Fuel Oil: Effect of Fuel Sulfur Content

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinyan Pei ◽  
Abdul Gani Abdul Jameel ◽  
Chaoqin Chen ◽  
Ibrahim A. AlGhamdi ◽  
Kamal AlAhmadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Flame Temperature ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Gaseous Emissions ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel ◽  
Swirling Flame

Abstract In the present work, an experimental investigation on the effect of sulfur content in heavy fuel oil (HFO) on the gaseous emissions under swirling flame conditions was carried out. The sulfur content in HFO was varied by blending with ultra-low sulfur diesel and four fuel samples containing 3.15, 2.80, 1.97, and 0.52% sulfur (by mass) were prepared. Pure asphaltenes were added to the blends to ensure that the asphaltene content in the fuel remained the same. The fuels were then fired in a high-swirl stabilized, turbulent spray flame. The combustion performance of the fuels was evaluated by measuring flame temperature distribution, gaseous emissions (SOx, NOx, CO, CO2, and flue gas pH), and particulate matter (PM) emissions (morphology, composition, and pH). The results showed a significant reduction in the SO2 emissions and acidity of the flue gas when the sulfur content in the fuel was reduced, as expected. The reduction was more than would be expected based on sulfur content, however. For example, the flue gas SO2 concentration reduced from 620 ppm to 48 ppm when the sulfur content in the fuel was reduced from 3.15 to 0.52% (by mass). Sulfur balance calculations indicate that nearly 97.5% of the sulfur in the fuel translates into gaseous emissions and the remaining 2.5% appears in PM emissions. Ninety-five percent of the gaseous sulfur emissions are SO2, whereas the rest appears as SO3. Varying the sulfur content in the fuel did not have a major impact on the flame temperature distribution or NOx emissions. The morphologies and the size distribution of the PM also did not change significantly with the sulfur content as the asphaltenes content of the fuels remained the same.

Behaviour of heavy metals in the partial oxidation of heavy fuel oil

2010 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Brüggemann ◽  
F. Baitalow ◽  
P. Seifert ◽  
B. Meyer ◽  
H. Schlichting
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Partial Oxidation ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil

scholarly journals The Utilization of Metroxylon Sago (Rottb.) Dregs for Low Bioethanol as Fuel Households Needs in Papua Province Indonesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Numberi Johni Jonatan ◽  
Arifia Ekayuliana ◽  
I Made Kartika Dhiputra ◽  
Yulianto Sulistyo Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Water Boiling Test ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Lower Heating Value ◽  
Sago Waste ◽  
The Government ◽  
Combustion Processes

<p>The rate of energy needs in Indonesia has increased and the availability of derived fuel energy from fossil has waned. It became worse because of the increase of the population growth, followed by the accretion of life needs that impact on the increase of fuel needs. As much as 55 % fuel oil is used for household industry and transportation. This condition motivates the government to develop alternative energies which are cheaper, renewable and environmentally friendly. One of them is the utilization of sago waste to produce bioethanol as alternative fuel source to fulfill the energy availability in our country especially in the provinces. The Sago potential in Indonesia is ± 1 250 000 ha, where ± 1 200 000 ha of which is in Papua. Thus, Papua has the largest sago potential in the world. This study was conducted to produce clean combustion processes that are healthy, fuel saving and environmentally friendly. The research method consisted of  three steps; they were the production of bioethanol from sago dregs using fermentation, the test of fuel characteristics of lower heating value using a bomb calorimeter and the measurement of combustion efficiency with water boiling test as well as heat release rate using a cone calorimeter. The fuel used was bioethanol from sago waste that contained 60 % ethanol.</p>

The Study of Combustion of Municipal Waste in a Fluidized Bed Combustor

2006 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Gulyurtlu ◽  
T. Crujeira ◽  
M. H. Lopes ◽  
P. Abelha ◽  
D. Boavida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Combustion Efficiency ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Combustion Gases ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
Refuse Derived Fuel ◽  
Emission Limits ◽  
Bed Material ◽  
Fluidized Bed Combustor

The combustion behavior of municipal solid waste was studied in a pilot fluidized bed combustor. The waste was pelletized prior to its use. Both co-firing with coal and combustion of waste alone were under taken. The combustion studies were carried out on the pilot installation of INETI. The fluidized bed combustor is square in cross section with each side being 300mm long. Its height is 5000mm. There is a second air supply to the freeboard at different heights to deal with high volatile fuels. There was a continuous monitoring of the temperatures in the bed, as well as the composition of the combustion gases. The combustion gases leaving the reactor were let go through the recycling cyclone first to capture most of particulates elutriated out of the combustor. There was a second cyclone, which was employed with the aim of increasing the overall efficiency of collecting solid particles. The gaseous pollutants leaving the stack were sampled under isokinetic conditions for particulate matter, chlorine compounds, and heavy metals. The ash streams were characterized for heavy metals. The results obtained were compared with national legislation. The results obtained suggest that (i) the combustion efficiency was very high, (ii) there was an enrichment of ashes with heavy metals in the cyclones compared to the bed material, (iii) in general, the flue gas emissions were below the permited limits, and (iv) for the compliance with the new European directive for stricter emission limits adequate control devices, like bag filters, should be integrated with refuse derived fuel (RDF) combustion.

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