Surface Deformation and Convection in Electrostatically-Positioned Droplets of Immiscible Liquids Under Microgravity

2005 ◽  
Vol 128 (6) ◽  
pp. 520-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Huo ◽  
B. Q. Li
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Free Surface ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Thermal Gradient ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Inertia Force ◽  
Weighted Residuals ◽  
Inertia Forces

A numerical study is presented of the free surface deformation and Marangoni convection in immiscible droplets positioned by an electrostatic field and heated by laser beams under microgravity. The boundary element and the weighted residuals methods are applied to iteratively solve for the electric field distribution and for the unknown free surface shapes, while the Galerkin finite element method for the thermal and fluid flow field in both the transient and steady states. Results show that the inner interface demarking the two immiscible fluids in an electrically conducting droplet maintains its sphericity in microgravity. The free surface of the droplet, however, deforms into an oval shape in an electric field, owing to the pulling action of the normal component of the Maxwell stress. The thermal and fluid flow distributions are rather complex in an immiscible droplet, with conduction being the main mechanism for the thermal transport. The non-uniform temperature along the free surface induces the flow in the outer layer, whereas the competition between the interfacial surface tension gradient and the inertia force in the outer layer is responsible for the flows in the inner core and near the immiscible interface. As the droplet cools into an undercooled state, surface radiation causes a reversal of the surface temperature gradients along the free surface, which in turn reverses the surface tension driven flow in the outer layer. The flow near the interfacial region, on the other hand, is driven by a complimentary mechanism between the interfacial and the inertia forces during the time when the thermal gradient on the free surface has been reversed while that on the interface has not yet. After the completion of the interfacial thermal gradient reversal, however, the interfacial flows are largely driven by the inertia forces of the outer layer fluid.

Étude de formation de vortex au voisinage de l'aspiration verticale inversée dans un puits de pompage

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-383
Author(s):  
Tilena Kougnima ◽  
René Kahawita
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Free Surface ◽  
Laboratory Investigation ◽  
Relative Position ◽  
Free Surface Flow ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Inertia Forces

The purpose of the laboratory investigation reported here has been to study the conditions under which vortices appear in the free surface flow upstream of a vertically inverted intake in a circular sump. The influence of geometry, approach conditions, size, and relative position of the intake in the sump has been studied. The effect of viscosity, surface tension, and inertia forces on the formation of vortices has been examined. A discussion of the results and the principal conclusions drawn permit certain recommendations to be made at the conceptual stage of pumping pits.

scholarly journals Experimental study of the wake behind a surface-piercing cylinder for a clean and contaminated free surface

2000 ◽  
Vol 402 ◽  
pp. 109-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMY WARNCKE LANG ◽  
MORTEZA GHARIB
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Free Surface ◽  
Turbulent Flows ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Surface Condition ◽  
Free Surface Flows ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Surface Contaminants ◽  
A New Technique

This experimental investigation into the nature of free-surface flows was to study the effects of surfactants on the wake of a surface-piercing cylinder. A better understanding of the process of vorticity generation and conversion at a free surface due to the absence or presence of surfactants has been gained. Surfactants, or surface contaminants, have the tendency to reduce the surface tension proportionally to the respective concentration at the free surface. Thus when surfactant concentration varies across a free surface, surface tension gradients occur and this results in shear stresses, thus altering the boundary condition at the free surface. A low Reynolds number wake behind a surface-piercing cylinder was chosen as the field of study, using digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) to map the velocity and vorticity field for three orthogonal cross-sections of the flow. Reynolds numbers ranged from 350 to 460 and the Froude number was kept below 1.0. In addition, a new technique was used to simultaneously map the free surface deformation. Shadowgraph imaging of the free surface was also used to gain a better understanding of the flow. It was found that, depending on the surface condition, the connection of the shedding vortex filaments in the wake of the cylinder was greatly altered with the propensity for surface tension gradients to redirect the vorticity near the free surface to that of the surface-parallel component. This result has an impact on the understanding of turbulent flows in the vicinity of a free surface with varying surface conditions.

scholarly journals Modelling nonlinear electrohydrodynamic surface waves over three-dimensional conducting fluids

2017 ◽  
Vol 473 (2200) ◽  
pp. 20160817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Free Surface ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Separation Distance ◽  
Nls Equation ◽  
Fully Nonlinear ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Kp Equations

The evolution of the free surface of a three-dimensional conducting fluid in the presence of gravity, surface tension and vertical electric field due to parallel electrodes, is considered. Based on the analysis of the Dirichlet–Neumann operators, a series of fully nonlinear models is derived systematically from the Euler equations in the Hamiltonian framework without assumptions on competing length scales can therefore be applied to systems of arbitrary fluid depth and to disturbances with arbitrary wavelength. For special cases, well-known weakly nonlinear models in shallow and deep fluids can be generalized via introducing extra electric terms. It is shown that the electric field has a great impact on the physical system and can change the qualitative nature of the free surface: (i) when the separation distance between two electrodes is small compared with typical wavelength, the Boussinesq, Benney–Luke (BL) and Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equations with modified coefficients are obtained, and electric forces can turn KP-I to KP-II and vice versa; (ii) as the parallel electrodes are of large separation distance but the thickness of the liquid is much smaller than typical wavelength, we generalize the BL and KP equations by adding pseudo-differential operators resulting from the electric field; (iii) for a quasi-monochromatic plane wave in deep fluid, we derive the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation, but its type (focusing or defocusing) is strongly influenced by the value of the electric parameter. For sufficient surface tension, numerical studies reveal that lump-type solutions exist in the aforementioned three regimes. Particularly, even when the associated NLS equation is defocusing for a wave train, lumps can exist in fully nonlinear models.

A Study on the Three-Dimensional Analysis of Heat and Fluid Flow in Gas Metal Arc Welding Using Boundary-Fitted Coordinates

1994 ◽  
Vol 116 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-W. Kim ◽  
S.-J. Na
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Weld Pool ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Gma Welding ◽  
Gas Metal Arc Welding ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Weld Bead ◽  
Surface Boundary

Computer simulation of three-dimensional heat transfer and fluid flow in gas metal arc (GMA) welding has been studied by considering the three driving forces for weld pool convection, that is the electromagnetic force, the buoyancy force, and the surface tension force at the weld pool surface. Molten surface deformation, particularly in the case of GMA welding, plays a significant part in the actual weld size and should be considered in order to accurately evaluate the weld pool convection. The size and profile of the weld pool are strongly influenced by the volume of molten electrode wire, impinging force of the arc plasma, and surface tension of molten metal. In the numerical simulation, difficulties associated with the irregular shape of the weld bead have been successfully overcome by adopting a boundary-filled coordinate system that eliminates the analytical complexity at the weld pool and bead surface boundary. The method used in this paper has the capacity to determine the weld bead and penetration profile by solving the surface equation and convection equations simultaneously.

scholarly journals The Instability of an Electrohydrodynamic Viscous Liquid Micro-Cylinder Buried in a Porous Medium: Effect of Thermosolutal Marangoni Convection

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galal M. Moatimid ◽  
Mohamed A. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Free Surface ◽  
Dispersion Relation ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Heat And Mass Transfer ◽  
Viscous Liquid ◽  
Marangoni Convection ◽  
Axial Electric Field ◽  
Stabilizing Effect

The electrohydrodynamic (EHD) thermosolutal Marangoni convection of viscous liquid, in the presence of an axial electric field through a micro cylindrical porous flow, is considered. It is assumed that the surface tension varies linearly with both temperature and concentration. The instability of the interface is investigated for the free surface of the fluid. The expression of the free surface function is derived taking into account the independence of the surface tension of the heat and mass transfer. The transcendental dispersion relation is obtained considering the dependence of the surface tension on the heat and mass transfer. Numerical estimations for the roots of the transcendental dispersion relation are obtained indicating the relation between the disturbance growth rate and the variation of the wave number. It is found that increasing both the temperature and concentration at the axial microcylinder has a destabilizing effect on the interface, according to the reduction of the surface tension. The existence of the porous structure restricts the flow and hence has a stabilizing effect. Also, the axial electric field has a stabilizing effect. Some of previous analytical and experimental results are recovered upon appropriate data choices.

Numerical Simulation of Electrostatic Atomization in Spindle Mode

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Passandideh Fard ◽  
Mohammad Reza Mahpeykar ◽  
Sajad Pooyan ◽  
Mortaza Rahimzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Free Surface ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Surface Shape ◽  
Liquid Jet ◽  
Perfect Conductor ◽  
Electric Force ◽  
Electrostatic Atomization ◽  
Liquid Free Surface

The behavior of a liquid jet in an electrostatic field is numerically simulated. The simulations performed correspond to a transient liquid jet leaving a capillary tube maintained at a high electric potential. The surface profile of the deforming jet is defined using the VOF scheme and the advection of the liquid free surface is performed using Youngs’ algorithm. Surface tension force is treated as a body force acting on the free surface using continuum surface force (CSF) method. To calculate the effect of the electric field on the shape of the free surface, the electrostatic potential is solved first. Next, the surface density of the electric charge and the electric field intensity are computed, and then the electric force is calculated. Liquid is assumed to be a perfect conductor, thus the electric force only acts on the liquid free surface and is treated similar to surface tension using the CSF method. To verify the simulation results, a simplified case of electrowetting phenomenon is simulated and free surface shape in stable state is compared with experimental results. Then the electrostatic atomization in spindle mode is simulated and the ability of the developed code to simulate this process is demonstrated.

Coupled Dynamics of a Solid Piercing a Fluid Free Surface

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remus M. Ciobotaru ◽  
Razvan Bidoae ◽  
Peter E. Raad
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Free Surface ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Stokes Equations ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Free Surface Flow ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Submerged Sphere

This paper reports on numerical investigations of the dynamics of a moving sphere interacting with free surface flow in a three-dimensional, rectangular, confined channel. Each simulation consists of two phases. During the first phase, the sphere is fixed and the fluid flow around it is allowed to reach a stationary state. In the second phase, the sphere is allowed to oscillate vertically. The Froude number is shown to influence the dynamics of the sphere. Also, the influence of three different initial positions on the dynamics of the sphere are presented and discussed. The first initial condition corresponds to a surface-piercing sphere while the second and the third conditions correspond to a submerged sphere at two different depths beneath the free surface. The drag coefficient computed for the two initial conditions involving a fully submerged sphere is compared with the experimental (published) values for a sphere in an unbounded domain. The motion of the fluid flow around the moving solid body is based on the solution of the complete Navier-Stokes equations. The free surface deformation is solved by the use of an Eulerian-Lagrangian Marker and Micro Cell (ELMMC) method.

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