Energy and Cost Minimal Control of Active and Passive Building Thermal Storage Inventory

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor P. Henze
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Thermal Storage ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Electrical Energy Consumption ◽  
Electricity Cost

In contrast to building energy conversion equipment, less improvement has been achieved in thermal energy distribution, storage and control systems in terms of energy efficiency and peak load reduction potential. Cooling of commercial buildings contributes significantly to the peak demand placed on an electrical utility grid and time-of-use electricity rates are designed to encourage shifting of electrical loads to off-peak periods at night and on weekends. Buildings can respond to these pricing signals by shifting cooling-related thermal loads either by precooling the building’s massive structure (passive storage) or by using active thermal energy storage systems such as ice storage. Recent theoretical and experimental work showed that the simultaneous utilization of active and passive building thermal storage inventory can save significant amounts of utility costs to the building operator, yet increased electrical energy consumption may result. The article investigates the relationship between cost savings and energy consumption associated with conventional control, minimal cost and minimal energy control, while accounting for variations in fan power consumption, chiller capacity, chiller coefficient-of-performance, and part-load performance. The model-based predictive building controller is employed to either minimize electricity cost including a target demand charge or electrical energy consumption. This work shows that buildings can be operated in a demand-responsive fashion to substantially reduce utility costs with marginal increases in overall energy consumption. In the case of energy optimal control, the reference control was replicated, i.e., if only energy consumption is of concern, neither active nor passive building thermal storage should be utilized. On the other hand, cost optimal control suggests strongly utilizing both thermal storage inventories.

Trade-Off Between Energy Consumption and Utility Cost in the Optimal Control of Active and Passive Building Thermal Storage Inventory

Solar Energy ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor P. Henze
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Peak Load ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Thermal Storage ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Massive Structure ◽  
Utility Cost

In contrast to building energy conversion equipment, less improvement has been achieved in thermal energy distribution, storage and control systems in terms of energy efficiency and peak load reduction potential. Cooling of commercial buildings contributes significantly to the peak demand placed on an electrical utility grid. Time-of-use electricity rates are designed to encourage shifting of electrical loads to off-peak periods at night and weekends. Buildings can respond to these pricing signals by shifting cooling-related thermal loads either by precooling the building’s massive structure (passive storage) or by using active thermal energy storage systems such as ice storage. Recent theoretical and experimental work showed that the simultaneous utilization of active and passive building thermal storage inventory can save significant amounts of utility costs to the building operator, yet in many cases at the expense of increased electrical energy consumption. This article investigates an approach to ensure that a commercial building utilizing both thermal batteries does not incur excessive energy consumption. The model-based predictive building controller is modified to trade off energy cost against energy consumption. This work shows that buildings can be operated in a demand-responsive fashion to substantially reduce utility costs, however, at the expense of increased energy consumption. Placing a greater emphasis on energy consumption led to a reduction in the savings potential. In the limiting case of energy-optimal control, the reference control was replicated, i.e., if only energy consumption is of concern, neither active nor passive building thermal storage should be utilized. On the other hand, cost-optimal control suggests strongly utilizing both thermal storage inventories.

scholarly journals Use of Thermal Accumulators as Tools of Price-Dependent Electrical Energy Consumption for Residential Users

Vestnik NSUEM ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 256-268
Author(s):  
A. P. Dzyuba
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy Consumption ◽  
Electricity Cost

The article examines current three-zone and two-zone rates applied within the mechanisms of retail electricity market; the rates were developed for the consumers with prominent night load. The obtained results of the calculation made it possible to state that the use of thermal accumulators on the basis of calculations of the rates with separate formation of the components of electricity cost makes it possible to achieve the effect which on average is 32 % lower than the level of three-zone rates and 18 % lower than the twozone rates.The results lay emphasis on the effectiveness of use of thermal accumulators as tools of price-dependent electrical energy consumption management for residential users of Russia.

scholarly journals Improving performance of direct expansion air conditioning systems while reducing electricity consumption through using hybrid energy

2021 ◽  
Vol 289 ◽  
pp. 01014
Author(s):  
Ahmed Al–Okbi ◽  
Yuri Vankov ◽  
Hakim Kadhim
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Conventional System ◽  
Solar Thermal Energy ◽  
Continuous Power ◽  
Air Conditioning Systems

At the present time, operating hybrid air-conditioning systems that use solar energy to saving electrical energy while improving the performance has become necessary to protect the environment, reduce pollution and emissions caused by using fuels and gases. In Iraq, temperatures reach half the boiling point at summer, therefore the demand for air conditioning systems increases, air conditioning systems consume more than half of average electricity production which affects on reliability and stability of the electrical energy thus leads to a continuous power outage. So, the issue of using renewable energies becomes more attractive. Because of saving energy leads to ensuring the reliability of electricity and reduces the consumption of fuels and gases that pollute on the environment and negatively affect on the ozone layer. In the current research, the atmosphere of Baghdad city was used to collect solar thermal energy and convert it into thermal energy through an evacuated solar collector by water and combine it with a conventional air conditioner in the part that follows the compressor in order to reduce the electrical energy consumption on the compressor and increase coefficient of performance. Several tests were conducted on the proposed system to compare results with the conventional system and evaluate performance. The results showed that the coefficient of performance with the hybrid system became 8.97 more efficient instead of 4.27 compared to the conventional system, and the energy consumption decreased by 52%.

scholarly journals Improvement of Energy Efficiency and Productivity in an Electric Arc Furnace through the Modification of Side-Wall Injector Systems

Processes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1202
Author(s):  
Yonmo Sung ◽  
Sangyoun Lee ◽  
Kyungmoon Han ◽  
Jaduck Koo ◽  
Seongjae Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Side Wall ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Electric Arc Furnace ◽  
Electric Arc ◽  
Arc Furnace ◽  
Electrical Energy Consumption ◽  
Efficiency And Productivity

The energy cost of producing steel in an electric arc furnace (EAF) has a sizable influence on the prices of natural gas and electricity. Therefore, it is important to use these energies efficiently via a tailored oxy-fuel combustion burner and oxygen lance. In this study, an important modification of the side-wall injector system in the EAF at Hyundai Steel Incheon works was implemented to reduce electrical energy consumption and improve productivity. A protruding water-cooled copper jacket, including a newly designed burner, was developed to reduce the distance between the jet nozzle and the molten steel. In addition, the jet angles for the burner and lance were separately set for each scrap melting and refining mode. The modifications led to a reduction in electrical energy consumption of 5 kWh/t and an increase in productivity of approximately 3.1 t/h. Consequently, total energy cost savings of 0.3 USD/t and a corresponding annual cost savings of approximately 224,000 USD/year were achieved.

Retrofitting R-22 Split Type Air Conditioning with Hydrocarbon (HCR-22) Refrigerant

2013 ◽  
Vol 388 ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Nasution ◽  
Abdul Latiff Zulkarnain ◽  
Azhar Abdul Aziz ◽  
Mohd Rozi Mohd Perang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Internal Heat ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Cooling Load ◽  
Refrigeration System ◽  
Electrical Energy Consumption ◽  
The One

An experimental study to evaluate the energy consumption of a split type air conditioning is presented. The compressor works with the fluids R-22 and HCR-22 and has been tested varying the internal heat load 0, 500, 700 and 1000 W. The measurements taken during the one hour experimental periods at 10-minutes interval times for temperature setpoint of 20oC. The performance data considered where the evaporator cooling load, the condenser heat rejection, the electrical energy consumption, the refrigeration system temperatures, and the room temperature. And hence the Coefficient of Performance (COP) could be determined. The final results of this study show an overall better energy consumption of the HFC-22 compared with the R-22.

A persuasive multi-agent simulator to improve electrical energy consumption

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Fernanda P. Mota ◽  
Cristiano R. Steffens ◽  
Diana F. Adamatti ◽  
Silvia S. Da C Botelho ◽  
Vagner Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy Consumption ◽  
Multi Agent

scholarly journals AUDIT ENERGI PADA SEBUAH HOTEL

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Didik Ariwibowo
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Electrical Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Audit ◽  
Electric Energy Consumption ◽  
Pumping System

Didik Ariwibowo, in this paper explain that energy audit activities conducted through several phases, namely: the initial audit, detailed audit, analysis of energy savings opportunities, and the proposed energy savings. Total energy consumed consists of electrical energy, fuel, and materials in this case is water. Electrical energy consumption data obtained from payment of electricity accounts for a year while consumption of fuel and water obtained from the payment of material procurement. From the calculation data, IKE hotels accounted for 420.867 kWh/m2.tahun, while the IKE standards for the hotel is 300 kWh/m2.tahun. Thus, IKE hotel included categorized wasteful in energy usage. The largest energy consumption on electric energy consumption. Largest electric energy consumption is on the air conditioning (AC-air conditioning) that is equal to 71.3%, and lighting and electrical equipment at 27.28%, and hot water supply system by 4.44%. Electrical energy consumption in AC looks very big. Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the statutes, the profile of energy use by air conditioning at the hotel by 48.5%. With these considerations in the AC target for audit detail as the next phase of activity. The results of a detailed audit analysis to find an air conditioning system energy savings opportunities in pumping systems. Recommendations on these savings is the integration of automation on the pumping system and fan coil units (FCU). The principle of energy conservation in the pumping system is by installing variable speed drives (VSD) pump drive motor to adjust speed according to load on the FCU. Load variations FCU provide input on the VSD pumps to match. Adaptation is predicted pump can save electricity consumption up to 65.7%. Keywords: energy audit, IKE, AC

scholarly journals Specific Electrical Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions Assessment of Agrifood Industries in the Central Region of Portugal

2014 ◽  
Vol 675-677 ◽  
pp. 1880-1886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro D. Silva ◽  
Pedro Dinis Gaspar ◽  
J. Nunes ◽  
L.P.A Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Central Region ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy Consumption ◽  
Reference Levels ◽  
Energy Characteristics ◽  
Result Analysis

This paper provides a characterization of the electrical energy consumption of agrifood industries located in the central region of Portugal that use refrigeration systems to ensure the food safety. The study is based on the result analysis of survey data and energy characteristics of the participating companies belonging to the following agrifood sectors: meat, dairy, horticultural, distribution and wine. Through the quantification of energy consumption of companies is possible to determine the amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions indexed to its manufacturing process. Comparing the energy and GHGs emissions indexes of companies of a sector and between sectors is possible to create reference levels. With the results of this work is possible to rating the companies in relation to reference levels of energy and GHGs emissions and thus promote the rational use of energy by the application of practice measures for the improvement of the energy efficiency and the reduction of GHGs emissions.

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