Surge Avoidance in Gas Compression Systems

The phenomenon of compressor surge and its prevention have drawn significant attention in the literature. An important aspect of surge avoidance lies in the design of the compressor station and, in particular, the piping upstream and downstream of the compressor. Most anti-surge systems are perfectly capable of avoiding surge during normal operating conditions. However, unplanned emergency shutdowns present a significant challenge, and surge avoidance in these cases depends to a large degree on the station layout. In this paper, data from a compressor that surged during an emergency shutdown are presented. The data are analyzed to determine the effects of surge and the rate of deceleration. A model to simulate shutdown events is developed and used to develop simpler rules that help with proper sizing of upstream and downstream piping systems, as well as the necessary control elements. The compression system is analyzed, thus verifying the model and the simplifications.

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Dynamic Control of Centrifugal Compressor Surge Using Tailored Structures

Volume 1: Turbomachinery ◽

10.1115/90-gt-122 ◽

1990 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

D. L. Gysling ◽

J. Dugundji ◽

E. M. Greitzer ◽

A. H. Epstein

Keyword(s):

Centrifugal Compressor ◽

Structural Control ◽

Dynamic Control ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Parameter Analysis ◽

Compression System ◽

Lumped Parameter ◽

Stable Operating ◽

Compressor Surge ◽

Structural Motion

A new method for dynamic control of centrifugal compressor surge is presented. The approach taken is to suppress surge by modifying the compression system dynamic behavior using structural feedback. More specifically, one wall of a downstream volume, or plenum, is constructed so to move in response to small perturbations in pressure. This structural motion provides a means for absorbing the unsteady energy perturbations produced by the compressor, thus extending the stable operating range of the compression system. In the paper, a lumped parameter analysis is carried out to define the coupled aerodynamic and structural system behavior and the potential for stabilization. First-of-a-kind experiments are then carried out to examine the conclusions of the analysis. As predicted by the model and demonstrated with experiment, a moveable plenum wall lowered the mass flow at which surge occurred in a centrifugal compression system by roughly 25% for a large range of operating conditions. In addition, because the tailored dynamics of the structure acts to suppress instabilities in their initial stages, this control was achieved with relatively little power being dissipated by the moveable wall system, and with no noticeable decrease in steady state performance. Although designed on the basis of linear system considerations, the structural control is shown to be capable of suppressing existing large amplitude limit cycle surge oscillations.

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Surge and Rotating Stall in Axial Flow Compressors—Part I: Theoretical Compression System Model

Journal of Engineering for Power ◽

10.1115/1.3446138 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 98 (2) ◽

pp. 190-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 452

Author(s):

E. M. Greitzer

Keyword(s):

Pressure Ratio ◽

Axial Compressor ◽

Axial Flow ◽

Oscillatory Behavior ◽

Rotating Stall ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Compression System ◽

Compressor Surge ◽

System Operating ◽

Behavior Characteristic

This paper reports a theoretical study of axial compressor surge. A nonlinear model is developed to predict the transient response of a compression system subsequent to a perturbation from steady operating conditions. It is found that for the system investigated there is an important nondimensional parameter on which this response depends. Whether this parameter is above or below a critical value determines which mode of compressor instability, rotating stall or surge, will be encountered at the stall line. For values above the critical, the system will exhibit the large amplitude oscillatory behavior characteristic of surge; while for values below the critical it will move toward operation in rotating stall, at a substantially reduced flow rate and pressure ratio. Numerical results are presented to show the motion of the compression system operating point during these two basic modes of instability, and a physical explanation is given for the mechanism associated with the generation of surge cycle oscillations.

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Dynamic Control of Centrifugal Compressor Surge Using Tailored Structures

Journal of Turbomachinery ◽

10.1115/1.2929138 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 113 (4) ◽

pp. 710-722 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

D. L. Gysling ◽

J. Dugundji ◽

E. M. Greitzer ◽

A. H. Epstein

Keyword(s):

Centrifugal Compressor ◽

Structural Control ◽

Dynamic Control ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Parameter Analysis ◽

Compression System ◽

Lumped Parameter ◽

Stable Operating ◽

Compressor Surge ◽

Structural Motion

A new method for dynamic control of centrifugal compressor surge is presented. The approach taken is to suppress surge by modifying the compression system dynamic behavior using structural feedback. More specifically, one wall of a downstream volume, or plenum, is constructed so as to move in response to small perturbations in pressure. This structural motion provides a means for absorbing the unsteady energy perturbations produced by the compressor, thus extending the stable operating range of the compression system. In the paper, a lumped parameter analysis is carried out to define the coupled aerodynamic and structural system behavior and the potential for stabilization. First-of-a-kind experiments are then conducted to examine the conclusions of the analysis. As predicted by the model and demonstrated by experiment, a movable plenum wall lowered the mass flow at which surge occurred in a centrifugal compression system by roughly 25 percent for a range of operating conditions. In addition, because the tailored dynamics of the structure acts to suppress instabilities in their initial stages, this control was achievable with relatively little power being dissipated by the movable wall system, and with no noticeable decrease in steady-state performance. Although designed on the basis of linear system considerations, the structural control is shown to be capable of suppressing existing large-amplitude limit cycle surge oscillations.

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129. Site-specific Emission Factors and Crossdrafts for 16 Vapor-Phase Degreasers under Normal Operating Conditions

10.3320/1.2765246 ◽

1999 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E.A. Iyiegbuniwe ◽

L. Conroy ◽

P. Scheff

Keyword(s):

Vapor Phase ◽

Emission Factors ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Site Specific ◽

Normal Operating

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ANALYTICAL EVALUATION OF FIRE HAZARDS OF WORKING AND BREATHING LOSSES FROM VERTICAL STEEL TANKS UNDER NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS

Fire and Emergencies prevention elimination ◽

10.25257/fe.2018.3.32-38 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 32-38

Author(s):

Viktor Yuryev ◽

◽

Anatoli Petrov ◽

Keyword(s):

Operating Conditions ◽

Analytical Evaluation ◽

Fire Hazards ◽

Normal Operating ◽

Steel Tanks

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Structural assessment of the EU-DEMO WCLL Central Outboard Blanket segment under normal and off-normal operating conditions

Fusion Engineering and Design ◽

10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112350 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 167 ◽

pp. 112350

Author(s):

Ilenia Catanzaro ◽

Pietro Arena ◽

Salvatore Basile ◽

Gaetano Bongiovì ◽

Pierluigi Chiovaro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Operating Conditions ◽

Structural Assessment ◽

Normal Operating ◽

The Eu

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Gas Compressor Service With Turbo Compressors

2004 International Pipeline Conference, Volumes 1, 2, and 3 ◽

10.1115/ipc2004-0183 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

Sidney Pereira dos Santos

Keyword(s):

Operating Cost ◽

Gas Pipeline ◽

Feasibility Analysis ◽

Economic Approach ◽

Compressor Station ◽

Centrifugal Compressors ◽

Great Opportunity ◽

Service Contracts ◽

Gas Compression ◽

Capital Intensive

Gas pipeline projects are capital intensive and normally are developed under scenarios of uncertainty. Such uncertainties vary from closing take-or-pay, ship-or-pay or delivery-or-pay agreements to those uncertainties related to the acquisition of equipments, material and construction and assembling contracts. Natural gas compression service contracts with compressor station using gas motors and reciprocating compressors have been widely adopted at PETROBRAS as economically feasible against holding the stations as part of the pipeline asset as well as providing an effective approach to mitigate risks inherent to the gas business and associated to the compressor stations. Although compression service contracts with turbo compressors (gas turbine drivers and centrifugal compressors) have not yet been accomplished at PETROBRAS for gas pipeline projects, studies and preliminaries discussions shows that, taken into consideration certain relevant aspects, they will also present great opportunity to be adopted and will generate the same advantages already perceived for the compression service contracts with stations that uses gas motor drivers and reciprocation compressors. This paper has the objective of presenting an economic approach and a business model addressing the main points that must be considered while doing feasibility analysis between the alternatives of holding property of the compression station asset against the opportunity of having a compression service contract as operating cost for the project. Questions such as how to address depreciation, overhaul costs and tailor made equipment, such as centrifugal compressors, are raised and answered.

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