Surface Roughness Effects on Turbulent Boundary Layer Structures

2001 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Keirsbulck ◽  
L. Labraga ◽  
A. Mazouz ◽  
C. Tournier
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Turbulent Boundary Layer ◽  
Turbulence Model ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Wall Region ◽  
Wall Roughness ◽  
Smooth Wall ◽  
Budget Analysis

A turbulent boundary layer structure which develop over a k-type rough wall displays several differences with those found on a smooth surface. The magnitude of the wake strength depends on the wall roughness. In the near-wall region, the contribution to the Reynolds shear stress fraction, corresponding to each event, strongly depends on the wall roughness. In the wall region, the diffusion factors are influenced by the wall roughness where the sweep events largely dominate the ejection events. This trend is reversed for the smooth-wall. Particle Image Velocimetry technique (PIV) is used to obtain the fluctuating flow field in the turbulent boundary layer in order to confirm this behavior. The energy budget analysis shows that the main difference between rough- and smooth-walls appears near the wall where the transport terms are larger for smooth-wall. Vertical and longitudinal turbulent flux of the shear stress on both smooth and rough surfaces is compared to those predicted by a turbulence model. The present results confirm that any turbulence model must take into account the effects of the surface roughness.

The accelerated fully rough turbulent boundary layer

1977 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh W. Coleman ◽  
Robert J. Moffat ◽  
William M. Kays
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Turbulent Boundary Layer ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Stress Tensor ◽  
Skin Friction ◽  
Shape Factor ◽  
Reynolds Shear Stress ◽  
Smooth Wall ◽  
Mean Velocity

The behaviour of a fully rough turbulent boundary layer subjected to favourable pressure gradients both with and without blowing was investigated experimentally using a porous test surface composed of densely packed spheres of uniform size. Measurements of profiles of mean velocity and the components of the Reynolds-stress tensor are reported for both unblown and blown layers. Skin-friction coefficients were determined from measurements of the Reynolds shear stress and mean velocity.An appropriate acceleration parameterKrfor fully rough layers is defined which is dependent on a characteristic roughness dimension but independent of molecular viscosity. For a constant blowing fractionFgreater than or equal to zero, the fully rough turbulent boundary layer reaches an equilibrium state whenKris held constant. Profiles of the mean velocity and the components of the Reynolds-stress tensor are then similar in the flow direction and the skin-friction coefficient, momentum thickness, boundary-layer shape factor and the Clauser shape factor and pressure-gradient parameter all become constant.Acceleration of a fully rough layer decreases the normalized turbulent kinetic energy and makes the turbulence field much less isotropic in the inner region (forFequal to zero) compared with zero-pressure-gradient fully rough layers. The values of the Reynolds-shear-stress correlation coefficients, however, are unaffected by acceleration or blowing and are identical with values previously reported for smooth-wall and zero-pressure-gradient rough-wall flows. Increasing values of the roughness Reynolds number with acceleration indicate that the fully rough layer does not tend towards the transitionally rough or smooth-wall state when accelerated.

Numerical Investigation of the Compressible Flat-Plate Turbulent Boundary Layer with Extended GAO-YONG Turbulence Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 444-445 ◽  
pp. 416-422
Author(s):  
Yang Yang Tang ◽  
Zhi Qiang Li ◽  
Yong Wang ◽  
Ya Chao Di ◽  
Huan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Turbulent Boundary Layer ◽  
Flat Plate ◽  
Turbulence Model ◽  
Turbulence Models ◽  
Wall Region ◽  
Flow And Heat Transfer ◽  
Empirical Coefficients ◽  
Near Wall

The extended GAO-YONG turbulence model is used to simulate the flow and heat transfer of flat-plate turbulent boundary layer, and the results indicate that GAO-YONG turbulence model may well describe boundary layer flow and heat transfer from near-wall region to far outer area, without using any empirical coefficients and near-wall treatments, such as wall-function or modified low Reynolds number model, which are used widely in all RANS turbulence models.

scholarly journals Turbulence structures and statistics of a supersonic turbulent boundary layer subjected to concave surface curvature

2019 ◽  
Vol 865 ◽  
pp. 60-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingbo Sun ◽  
Neil D. Sandham ◽  
Zhiwei Hu
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Turbulent Boundary Layer ◽  
Flat Plate ◽  
Turbulent Flows ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Outer Part ◽  
Streamwise Velocity ◽  
Budget Analysis ◽  
Concave Wall

Supersonic turbulent flows at Mach 2.7 over concave surfaces for two different radii of curvature were investigated and compared with a flat plate turbulent boundary layer using direct numerical simulations. The streamwise velocity reduces in the outer part of the boundary layer due to compression, while it increases near the wall due to curvature, with a higher shape factor for the concave cases. The near-wall spanwise streak spacing reduces compared to the flat plate, with large-scale streaks and turbulence amplification also observed. Streamwise velocity iso-surfaces and streamlines show the generation of Görtler-like vortices, consistent with significant centrifugal effects. Abundant small vortices are shown to be associated with large baroclinic production of vorticity that is caused by the density and pressure gradients that are associated with concave compression. Profiles of turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent Mach number exhibit a characteristic two-layer structure in the concave boundary layer cases. In the outer layer, turbulence is greatly amplified, whereas a local balance exists in the inner layer. Turbulent energy budget analysis shows that both production and dissipation increase near the concave wall, whereas in the outer part of the boundary layer, the production is increased and ultimately balanced by convection and turbulent transport.

Alternate Scales for Turbulent Boundary Layer on Transitional Rough Walls: Universal Log Laws

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Afzal
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Turbulent Boundary Layer ◽  
Skin Friction ◽  
Velocity Profiles ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Wall Roughness ◽  
Extensive Experimental Data

The present work deals with four new alternate transitional surface roughness scales for description of the turbulent boundary layer. The nondimensional roughness scale ϕ is associated with the transitional roughness wall inner variable ζ=Z+∕ϕ, the roughness friction Reynolds number Rϕ=Rτ∕ϕ, and the roughness Reynolds number Reϕ=Re∕ϕ. The two layer theory for turbulent boundary layers in the variables, mentioned above, is presented by method of matched asymptotic expansions for large Reynolds numbers. The matching in the overlap region is carried out by the Izakson–Millikan–Kolmogorov hypothesis, which gives the velocity profiles and skin friction universal log laws, explicitly independent of surface roughness, having the same constants as the smooth wall case. In these alternate variables, just above the wall roughness level, the mean velocity and Reynolds stresses are universal and do not depend on surface roughness. The extensive experimental data provide very good support to our universal relations. There is no universality of scalings in traditional variables and different expressions are needed for inflectional type roughness, monotonic Colebrook–Moody roughness, k-type roughness, d-type roughness, etc. In traditional variables, the velocity profile and skin friction predictions for the inflectional roughness, k-type roughness, and d-type roughness are supported well by the extensive experimental data. The pressure gradient effect from the matching conditions in the overlap region leads to the universal composite laws, which for weaker pressure gradients yields log laws and for strong adverse pressure gradients provides the half-power laws for universal velocity profiles and in traditional variables the additive terms in the two situations depend on the wall roughness.

scholarly journals Recovery of wall-shear stress to equilibrium flow conditions after a rough-to-smooth step change in turbulent boundary layers

2019 ◽  
Vol 872 ◽  
pp. 472-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mogeng Li ◽  
Charitha M. de Silva ◽  
Amirreza Rouhi ◽  
Rio Baidya ◽  
Daniel Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Equilibrium State ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Wall Region ◽  
Smooth Wall ◽  
Equilibrium Conditions ◽  
Buffer Region ◽  
Wall Shear

This paper examines the recovery of the wall-shear stress of a turbulent boundary layer that has undergone a sudden transition from a rough to a smooth surface. Early work of Antonia & Luxton (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 53, 1972, pp. 737–757) questioned the reliability of standard smooth-wall methods for measuring wall-shear stress in such conditions, and subsequent studies show significant disagreement depending on the approach used to determine the wall-shear stress downstream. Here we address this by utilising a collection of experimental databases at $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}\approx 4100$ that have access to both ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’ measures of the wall-shear stress to understand the recovery to equilibrium conditions of the new surface. Our results reveal that the viscous region ($z^{+}\lesssim 4$) recovers almost immediately to an equilibrium state with the new wall conditions; however, the buffer region and beyond takes several boundary layer thicknesses before recovering to equilibrium conditions, which is longer than previously thought. A unique direct numerical simulation database of a wall-bounded flow with a rough-to-smooth wall transition is employed to confirm these findings. In doing so, we present evidence that any estimate of the wall-shear stress from the mean velocity profile in the buffer region or further away from the wall tends to underestimate its magnitude in the near vicinity of the rough-to-smooth transition, and this is likely to be partly responsible for the large scatter of recovery lengths to equilibrium conditions reported in the literature. Our results also reveal that smaller energetic scales in the near-wall region recover to an equilibrium state associated with the new wall conditions within one boundary layer thickness downstream of the transition, while larger energetic scales exhibit an over-energised state for several boundary layer thicknesses downstream of the transition. Based on these observations, an alternative approach to estimating the wall-shear stress from the premultiplied energy spectrum is proposed.

The Response of a Turbulent Boundary Layer to an Upstanding Step Change in Surface Roughness

1971 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Antonia ◽  
R. E. Luxton
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Turbulent Boundary Layer ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Roughness Element ◽  
Step Change ◽  
Internal Layer ◽  
Smooth Wall ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Straight Lines

Measurements of the flow field downstream of an upstanding step change in surface roughness are presented. The roughness has the form of two-dimensional square section ribs placed transversely across the floor of the wind tunnel with the first element upstanding from the surface. The surface upstream of the roughness is smooth and is of sufficient length to allow a fully developed smooth wall turbulent boundary layer to be established. The roughness height is approximately 6 percent of the boundary layer thickness on the smooth wall just upstream of the first roughness element. It is observed that downstream of the start of the roughness, the mean velocity profiles inside the internal layer (i.e., that part of the boundary layer which has been affected by the new inner boundary condition) exhibit a linear trend when plotted in the form U versus y1/2. Remarkably, it is also found that a linear trend is exhibited by points in the “undisturbed” boundary layer outside the internal layer when plotted in the above manner, and that the slope in the undisturbed layer differs from that in the internal layer. The undisturbed layer slope appears to depend on conditions upstream of the roughness. It is suggested that the point of inter section of the two straight lines (the “knee” point) on the U versus y1/2 plot may be used to define the edge of the internal layer. Turbulence intensity distributions and spectra are presented from which it is deduced that the internal and external layer structures are largely independent and that stream-wise length scales in the internal layer over the rough wall are reduced significantly below those at the equivalent station over a smooth wall.

Calculation of a Turbulent Boundary Layer Downstream of a Small Step Change in Surface Roughness

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A Antonia ◽  
D H Wood
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Turbulent Boundary Layer ◽  
Reynolds Shear Stress ◽  
Step Change ◽  
Rough Wall ◽  
Small Step ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Good Agreement

SummaryMeasurements of mean velocity and Reynolds shear stress have been made in a turbulent boundary layer downstream of a small step change in surface roughness. Upstream of the step the surface is smooth, while downstream it consists of a d-type rough wall made up by a series of two-dimensional elements of square cross section placed transversely across the flow and spaced one element width apart in the direction of the flow. The calculated mean velocity and Reynolds shear stress profiles obtained using the method of Bradshaw, Ferriss and Atwell are in good agreement with the measurements throughout the relaxation region of the layer. Well downstream the calculation method adequately reproduces the self-preserving features of a d-type rough wall.

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