Transportation Fuel Substitutes Derived From Biomass

2000 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Gouli ◽  
A. Serdari ◽  
S. Stournas ◽  
E. Lois
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Renewable Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Ignition Quality

This paper describes some of the recent work carried out in our laboratory regarding the effects of novel nitrogen compounds in gasoline and diesel fuel on ignition quality and on pollutant emissions. Emphasis is given in studying chemical structures that can be derived from biomass (renewable raw materials). Our approach was to investigate chemical structures that can be derived from biomass, by studying the performance of possible gasoline and diesel extenders as gaged by ignition quality, and also by testing their effectiveness in reducing exhaust emissions under various operating conditions.

The Impact of Adding Nitrogen Substitutes to Conventional Automotive Fuels

1999 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-230
Author(s):  
S. Gouli ◽  
A. Serdari ◽  
S. Stournas ◽  
E. Lois
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
Transportation Fuels ◽  
Oxygenated Compounds ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Ignition Quality ◽  
Oil Crises ◽  
The Impact

The adoption of oxygenates in gasoline was originally spurred by the oil crises of the 1970s. In more recent years, public awareness of the environmental issues constituted the main reason for the spreading of oxygenated compounds in the transportation fuels sector. This paper describes the effects of novel nitrogen compounds in gasoline and diesel fuel on ignition quality and on pollutant emissions. Our intention is to investigate the antiknock quality, as gaged by octane and cetane determinations, of organic chemical structures mostly derivable from biomass, in combination with their effectiveness in reducing exhaust emissions under various operating conditions.

Hydrogenolysis of glucose and fructose in glycol solutions over CuO-MgO-ZrO2 catalyst

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
M.E. Sharanda ◽  
◽  
E.A. Bondarenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Renewable Raw Materials ◽  
High Partial Pressure ◽  
Zro2 Catalyst ◽  
Phase Process

Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol are important representatives of polyols. On an industrial scale, they are obtained from petrochemical raw materials. Within a decade, significant efforts were made for the producing of polyols from biologically renewable raw materials - carbohydrates. The general trend for carbohydrate hydrogenolysis includes application of liquid-phase process with the use of modified metal-oxide catalysts, at 120-120 ° C and pressure of 3MPa or above. So high pressure is used for the reason to increase hydrogen solubility, and also due to the high partial pressure of low boiling solvents. We supposed that usage of high boiling solvents could allow hydrogenolysis to be performed at the lower pressure. Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol are of particular interest as such kind of solvent since they are both the main products of glucose hydrogenolysis. In this work, the process of hydrogenolysis of glucose and fructose over Cu / MgO-ZrO2 catalyst have been studied at temperature range of 160-200 °C and a pressure of 0.1-0.3 MPa in a flow reactor. The solvents were simultaneously the target products of the reaction - ethylene glycol and / or propylene glycol. Gas chromatography and 13C NMR were used for the reaction products identification. It was found that the solubility of glucose in propylene glycol is 21 % by weight, and in ethylene glycol 62% by weight. It was pointed out that the process of hydrogenolysis can take place at a pressure close to atmospheric. Under these conditions, the conversion of hexoses reaches 96-100 %. The reaction products are preferably propylene glycol and ethylene glycol. The total selectivity for C3-2 polyols is 90-94 %, that is higher than in the hydrogenolysis of glucose in aqueous solution.

Change of quality indexes of premixes in the storage process

2020 ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Oksana Bitlian ◽  
Oksana Kravchenko ◽  
Tetiana Kodak ◽  
Andrii Onyshchenko ◽  
Tetiana Konks
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Storage Process ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Qualitative Responses ◽  
Chelating Compounds ◽  
Quality Indexes

The analysis of literature sources shows that the type and material from which the packaging is made has an important place in the system of factors which influence on the storage of feed products and also prevents reducing the quality of raw materials and finished products. Therefore, the purpose of our research is the technological justification of changing the quality indexes of premix samples with salts of trace elements of different chemical nature in the process of storage. For the solution of the tasks, common zootechnical and statistical methods of the research were used. The use of premixes in feeding pigs is based on the fact that they should be used taking into account the biogeochemical properties of the region for which they are calculated. Foods depending on regional properties have a special biochemical composition and excess or lack of individual substances should be offset by the composition of premix. Ignoring this provision necessarily leads to the inappropriate use of BAR, the misbalance of the diet in relation to the physiological needs and inefficiency of the industry. In turn, it requires the purchase and conservation of products for the period of use. Various chemical structures and structures of BAR during the storage process react differently and change qualitative indexes, which leads to a decrease in the productive activity of active substances. It was determined that the humidity of premixes varied within the limits of 12.0-13.0 %, which exceeded the normative, but was not critical, the highest acidity had premix with sulfuric acid salts (6.9 units), the least - premix with lysates (5.7 unit). According to the results of the study, positive qualitative responses were found for the presence of vitamins A, D and B2, macro- and micronutrients: potassium, magnesium, copper, zinc, cobalt, iodine. The above facts of changes in the properties of premixes in the process of storage must be taken into account when providing technological bases for feeding pigs in order to obtain high gains and the quality of manufactured products. Key words: premix, micro-and macro elements, combined fodders, fodder mixes, chelating compounds, feeding, using, pigs' livestock.

Polyamines and Related Nitrogen Compounds in the Chemotherapy of Neglected Diseases Caused by Kinetoplastids

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 321-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan A. Bisceglia ◽  
Maria C. Mollo ◽  
Nadia Gruber ◽  
Liliana R. Orelli
Keyword(s):  
Drug Targets ◽  
Redox Homeostasis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Neglected Diseases ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Chemical Structures

Neglected diseases due to the parasitic protozoa Leishmania and Trypanosoma (kinetoplastids) affect millions of people worldwide, and the lack of suitable treatments has promoted an ongoing drug discovery effort to identify novel nontoxic and cost-effective chemotherapies. Polyamines are ubiquitous small organic molecules that play key roles in kinetoplastid parasites metabolism, redox homeostasis and in the normal progression of cell cycles, which differ from those found in the mammalian host. These features make polyamines attractive in terms of antiparasitic drug development. The present work provides a comprehensive insight on the use of polyamine derivatives and related nitrogen compounds in the chemotherapy of kinetoplastid diseases. The amount of literature on this subject is considerable, and a classification considering drug targets and chemical structures were made. Polyamines, aminoalcohols and basic heterocycles designed to target the relevant parasitic enzyme trypanothione reductase are discussed in the first section, followed by compounds directed to less common targets, like parasite SOD and the aminopurine P2 transporter. Finally, the third section comprises nitrogen compounds structurally derived from antimalaric agents. References on the chemical synthesis of the selected compounds are reported together with their in vivo and/or in vitro IC50 values, and structureactivity relationships within each group are analyzed. Some favourable structural features were identified from the SAR analyses comprising protonable sites, hydrophobic groups and optimum distances between them. The importance of certain pharmacophoric groups or amino acid residues in the bioactivity of polyamine derived compounds is also discussed.

Prediction of gaseous pollutant emissions from a spark-ignition direct-injection engine with gas-exchange simulation

2021 ◽  
pp. 146808742110050
Author(s):  
Stefania Esposito ◽  
Lutz Diekhoff ◽  
Stefan Pischinger
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Combustion Chamber ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Gaseous Pollutant ◽  
Fuel Ratio ◽  
No Emissions

With the further tightening of emission regulations and the introduction of real driving emission tests (RDE), the simulative prediction of emissions is becoming increasingly important for the development of future low-emission internal combustion engines. In this context, gas-exchange simulation can be used as a powerful tool for the evaluation of new design concepts. However, the simplified description of the combustion chamber can make the prediction of complex in-cylinder phenomena like emission formation quite challenging. The present work focuses on the prediction of gaseous pollutants from a spark-ignition (SI) direct injection (DI) engine with 1D–0D gas-exchange simulations. The accuracy of the simulative prediction regarding gaseous pollutant emissions is assessed based on the comparison with measurement data obtained with a research single cylinder engine (SCE). Multiple variations of engine operating parameters – for example, load, speed, air-to-fuel ratio, valve timing – are taken into account to verify the predictivity of the simulation toward changing engine operating conditions. Regarding the unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, phenomenological models are used to estimate the contribution of the piston top-land crevice as well as flame wall-quenching and oil-film fuel adsorption-desorption mechanisms. Regarding CO and NO emissions, multiple approaches to describe the burned zone kinetics in combination with a two-zone 0D combustion chamber model are evaluated. In particular, calculations with reduced reaction kinetics are compared with simplified kinetic descriptions. At engine warm operation, the HC models show an accuracy mainly within 20%. The predictions for the NO emissions follow the trend of the measurements with changing engine operating parameters and all modeled results are mainly within ±20%. Regarding CO emissions, the simplified kinetic models are not capable to predict CO at stoichiometric conditions with errors below 30%. With the usage of a reduced kinetic mechanism, a better prediction capability of CO at stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio could be achieved.

scholarly journals Molecular design revitalizes the low-cost PTV-polymer for highly efficient organic solar cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junzhen Ren ◽  
Pengqing Bi ◽  
Jianqi Zhang ◽  
Jiao Liu ◽  
Jingwen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Organic Solar Cells ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Molecular Design ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Stable Conformation ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Aggregation Effect ◽  
Industrialization Process

Abstract Developing photovoltaic materials with simple chemical structures and easy synthesis still remains a major challenge in the industrialization process of organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, an ester substituted poly(thiophene vinylene) derivative, PTVT-T, was designed and synthesized in very few steps by adopting commercially available raw materials. The ester groups on the thiophene units enable PTVT-T to have a planar and stable conformation. Moreover, PTVT-T presents a wide absorption band and strong aggregation effect in solution, which are the key characteristics needed to realize high performance in non-fullerene-acceptor (NFA)-based OSCs. We then prepared OSCs by blending PTVT-T with three representative fullerene- and NF-based acceptors, PC71BM, IT-4F and BTP-eC9. It was found that PTVT-T can work well with all the acceptors, showing great potential to match new emerging NFAs. Particularly, a remarkable power conversion efficiency of 16.20% is achieved in a PTVT-T:BTP-eC9-based device, which is the highest value among the counterparts based on PTV derivatives. This work demonstrates that PTVT-T shows great potential for the future commercialization of OSCs.

scholarly journals Organizational, technical and economic fundamentals of waste management and monitoring

2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 08031
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Velichko ◽  
Edward Tshovrebov ◽  
Ural Niyazgulov
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Regulation ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Renewable Raw Materials ◽  
Secondary Resources ◽  
Secondary Raw Materials ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Level Of Use ◽  
Goals And Objectives

The article deals with issues of monitoring, planning, organizational and technical support, economic regulation and improving the efficiency of the infrastructure for processing, recycling and disposal of waste, resource conservation and management of secondary resources, their use as secondary raw materials for production, services, work and power generation. The Russian Federation has significant potential for economic growth due to the efficient use of secondary resources from billions of tons of generated production and consumption waste annually. These ecologically unsafe anthropogenic objects can be characterized as a source of valuable renewable raw materials, material and fuel and energy resources. However, the scale and level of use of various types of secondary resources are characterized by considerable unevenness and depend on the demand for secondary raw materials, the resource value of the waste, the environmental situation arising from treating them as environmental polluters, on the real economic conditions that determine the profitability of each specific type. economic activities that use secondary resources for the manufacture of products, works, services, energy production. The methods of monitoring the industry for the treatment, disposal and disposal of waste are: information-analytical, information-statistical, sociological, geo-information. The legal status of the monitoring system of the industry for the treatment, disposal and disposal of waste is determined by the limitations of its functionality within the framework of the goals and objectives facing it.

Preparation of n-Alkylacrylate and Vinyl Acetate Copolymer and Its Influence on Low-Temperature Fluidity of Diesel Fuel

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 708-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong An ◽  
Shu Gang Gao ◽  
Shuang Li ◽  
Yan Xin Xie
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cold Filter Plugging Point ◽  
Point Depressant ◽  
Petrochemical Company ◽  
Acetate Copolymer

The n-tetradecylacrylate-vinyl acetate copolymer (PPV) was prepared from n-tetradecylacrylate and vinyl acetate. The PPV was employed as pour point depressant to improve the low-temperature fluidity of the -20# diesel from Daqing Petrochemical Company. The result indicated that the solidification (SP) and the cold filter plugging point (CFPP) were affected largely by PPV. And when mass fraction of PPV -14(copolymerization conditions: 80 °C,w（benzoyl peroxide）1％（total weight of raw materials）, n（vinyl acetate）∶n（n- tetradecanolacrylate） = 4∶1 ) in diesel fuel was 0.1%wt, the SP reduced by 15.0 °C, the CFPP reduced by 6.0 °C simultaneously; We analysise the different molecular weight of PPV-14, and discover that the molecular weight of PPV-14 is ralated to the the low-temperature fluidity of the -20# diesel from Daqing Petrochemical Company. When mass fraction of PPV -14(molecular weight is 15000, distribution coefficient is 3.11) in diesel fuel was 0.1% wt, the SP reduced by 18.0 °C, the CFPP reduced by 7.0 °C, simultaneously.

Diesel Fuel Ignition Quality as Determined in the Ignition Quality Tester (IQT) - Part II

1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc N. Allard ◽  
Norman J. Hole ◽  
Gary D. Webster ◽  
Thomas W. Ryan ◽  
Dale Ott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Ignition Quality ◽  
Ignition Quality Tester
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