scholarly journals Voltage-dependent conductances of solitary ganglion cells dissociated from the rat retina.

1987 ◽  
Vol 385 (1) ◽  
pp. 361-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
S A Lipton ◽  
D L Tauck
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Rat Retina ◽  
Voltage Dependent

Dendritic morphology of alpha ganglion cells in the rat retina

1989 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Masaki Tauchi ◽  
Yutaka Fukuda ◽  
Katsuko Morigiwa ◽  
Kwok-Fai So
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Dendritic Morphology ◽  
Rat Retina

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide modulates GABAA receptor function in bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the rat retina

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 791-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Veruki ◽  
H. H. Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Gabaa Receptor ◽  
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Current Response ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Patch Clamp Recording ◽  
Rat Retina ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Intestinal Polypeptide

1. The effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) on bipolar cells and ganglion cells freshly dissociated from the rat retina was studied under voltage clamp with the use of patch-clamp recording in the whole-cell configuration. 2. Application of VIP (1-100 microM) by itself resulted in no detectable current response in either bipolar cells or ganglion cells. However, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-activated macroscopic current responses elicited in both neuronal populations were potentiated on superimposed exposure to the neuropeptide. 3. GABA-activated chloride currents and muscimol-induced current responses were similarly potentiated on exposure to VIP, suggesting a synergistic interaction between VIP and GABAA receptor mechanisms. 4. We postulate that VIP plays a neuromodulatory role by regulating the excitability of inner retinal neurons and in this way modulates the efficacy of synaptic transmission in the retina.

Morphology of cells in the ganglion cell layer during development of the rat retina

1980 ◽  
Vol 208 (1173) ◽  
pp. 433-446 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Ganglion Cell Layer ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Type I ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Rat Retina ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Dendritic Fields

The development of the cells in the ganglion cell layer in the rat retina has been studied from 3 to 30 days of age postnatal by means of Golgi-stained whole-mounted retinae. The retina grows rapidly from birth to ten days of age and then more slowly from 10 to 30 days of age. The different classes of ganglion cell can be clearly recognized by 10 days of age, but type I ganglion cells with a size comparable to those found in the adult rat retina are not seen until thirty days of age. Type II cells may attain their adult size before type I cells do. The growth of the retina and the resulting decrease in cell density in the ganglion cell layer occur with the same time course as the increase in the size of the cell soma and their dendritic fields.

Expression of CB2 cannabinoid receptor mRNA in adult rat retina

2000 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
QINGJUN LU ◽  
ALEX STRAIKER ◽  
QINGXIAN LU ◽  
GREG MAGUIRE
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Mouse Tissue ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Rat Retina ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Receptor Mrna

To date, two cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, have been cloned. The CB1 receptor has been found in a variety of tissues, particularly in the brain. CB2 receptor mRNA is mainly expressed in the immune system, though one group has found it in mouse cerebellum. Previous immunostaining studies in our lab demonstrated the presence of CB1 receptors in the retina though little evidence exists for the presence of CB2. The putative endogenous ligand for CB2 has been found in retina, however, suggesting that further study of CB2 in retina is warranted. Because glutamate is toxic to retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma and activation of CB2 receptors may be able to protect neurons from glutamate-induced death, we examined the expression of CB2 mRNA in adult rat retina in order to better understand possible neuroprotective mechanisms relevant to glaucoma. Using in situ hybridization, we demonstrated that CB2 cannabinoid receptor messenger RNA was clearly expressed in the adult rat retina, including the somas of retinal ganglion cells. Antisense cRNA probe detected strong signals in the retinal ganglion cell layer, the inner nuclear layer, and the inner segments of photoreceptor cells. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in both rat and mouse tissue, we obtained an RT-PCR product with the same sequence as that reported for CB2 in the GenBank database, thus confirming the presence of CB2 mRNA in retina. The presence of CB2 in retina provides new evidence for the presence of CB2 in the central nervous system (CNS) and an excellent model for its study.

Intracellular Ca2+ dynamics in response to Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release in autonomic neurones

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (S1) ◽  
pp. S64-S72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Kuba ◽  
Mitsuo Nohmi ◽  
Shao-Ying Hua
Keyword(s):  
Sympathetic Ganglion ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Release Mechanism ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Intracellular Organelles ◽  
Cultured Neurones

Spatial and temporal changes in the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration in response to Ca2+ influx at the cell membrane and to Ca2+ release from intracellular organelles were studied by recording fluorescence of Ca2+-sensitive probes, fura 2 or indo 1, with conventional epifluorescence or confocal laser-scanning microscopy combined with recordings of Ca2+-dependent membrane responses in bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells. It was found that an increase in the intracellular Ca2+ induced by (an) action potential(s) in freshly isolated ganglion cells bathed in Ringer's solution was solely a result of Ca2+ influx, while a rise in the intracellular Ca2+ by Ca2+ current in voltage-clamped cultured neurones was caused by not only Ca2+ influx but also Ca2+ release. This Ca2+ release was suggested to occur by a voltage-dependent (and graded) mode of activation of a Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release mechanism, explaining the lack of Ca2+ release by action potentials (because of their short-lasting depolarization) in freshly isolated neurones. In both cases, there was an inward spread of an increase in intracellular Ca2+. On the other hand, all or nothing activation of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release occurred in the presence of caffeine, leading to the oscillation of Ca2+ in the cells. Characteristics of this mode of Ca2+ release and unique properties of drugs to block Ca2+ release were described. Finally, the physiological significance of different types of Ca2+ release was discussed.Key words: Ca2+ current, Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release, Ca2+ transient, confocal microscope, bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells.

Expression profiling of GABAA receptor β-subunits in the rat retina

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena V. Grigorenko ◽  
Hermes H. Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Retinal Cell ◽  
Rod Photoreceptor ◽  
Β Subunit ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Retinal Neuron ◽  
Rat Retina

AbstractThis study profiled the expression of the family of GABAA receptor β-subunits in the adult rat retina. Using a combination of reverse transcriptase reaction followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with gene-specific primers, the expression of mRNAs encoding the β1, β2, and β3 subunits was first examined in the intact retina and then in separated retinal nuclear layers. However, it was found that a critical analysis. had to be carried out at the level of the single cell in order to resolve the differential patterns of expression among the retinal cell types. When cells were isolated and identified following acute dissociation, RT-PCR revealed that individual rod photoreceptor cells expressed consistently the β1 and β2 messages while the bipolar cells expressed the β1 and β3 messages. Ganglion cells displayed considerable variability in β-subunit expression, perhaps reflecting their functional and morphological heterogeneity in the retina. In contrast, the nonneuronal Mueller cells did not express any of the β-subunit messages. These results indicate that the expression of GABAA receptor subunits is cell-type dependent. Furthermore, as the expression of other families of GABAA receptor subunits are profiled and the patterns of subunit assembly are better understood, our results raise the possibility that GABAA receptors with different subunit compositions can be expected to be coexpressed within a single retinal neuron.

Light Signaling in Scotopic Conditions in the Rabbit, Mouse and Rat Retina: A Physiological and Anatomical Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (6) ◽  
pp. 3479-3488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario A. Protti ◽  
Nicolas Flores-Herr ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Stephen C. Massey ◽  
Heinz Wässle
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Electrical Coupling ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Light Signal ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Dark Light ◽  
Scotopic Vision ◽  
Rat Retina ◽  
Alternative Pathways

In the dark, light signals are conventionally routed through the following circuit: rods synapse onto rod bipolar (RB) cells, which in turn contact AII amacrine cells. AII cells segregate the light signal into the on and off pathways by making electrical synapses with on cone bipolar (CB) cells and glycinergic inhibitory chemical synapses with off CB cells. These bipolar cells synapse onto their respective ganglion cells, which transfer on and off signals to the visual centers of the brain. Two alternative pathways have recently been postulated for the signal transfer in scotopic conditions: 1) electrical coupling between rods and cones, and 2) a circuit independent of cone photoreceptors, implying direct contacts between rods and off CB cells. Anatomical evidence supports the existence of both these circuits. To investigate the contribution of these alternative pathways to scotopic vision in the mammalian retina, we have performed patch-clamp recordings from ganglion cells in the dark-adapted retina of the rabbit, mouse, and rat. Approximately one-half of the ganglion cells in the rabbit retina received off signals through a circuit that was independent of RB cells. This was shown by their persistence in the presence of the glutamate agonist 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB), which blocks rod→RB cell signaling. Consistent with this result, strychnine, a glycine receptor antagonist, was unable to abolish these off responses. In addition, we were able to show that some off cone bipolar dendrites terminate at rod spherules and make potential contacts. In the mouse retina, however, there seems to be a very low proportion of off signals carried by an APB-resistant pathway. No ganglion cells in the rat retina displayed APB- and strychnine-resistant responses. Our data support signaling through flat contacts between rods and off CB cells as the alternative route, but suggest that the significance of this pathway differs between species.

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