scholarly journals Response latency of brisk-sustained (X) and brisk-transient (Y) cells in the cat retina

1982 ◽  
Vol 328 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Bolz ◽  
G. Rosner ◽  
H. Wässle
Keyword(s):  
Response Latency ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Y Cells

Effect of adapting target size on the gain of the surround response mechanism in X- and Y-cells in cat retina

1979 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 1350-1351 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Christen ◽  
R. W. Winters ◽  
H. I. Cohen ◽  
T. W. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Target Size ◽  
Response Mechanism ◽  
X And Y Cells ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Y Cells

Adaptation and dynamics in X-cells and Y-cells of the cat retina

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
H.G. Jakiela ◽  
C. Enroth-Cugell ◽  
B. Shapley
Keyword(s):  
Cat Retina ◽  
X Cells ◽  
Y Cells

A comparison of the strength of lateral inhibition in X and Y cells in the cat retina

1978 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 538-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay G. Pollack ◽  
Ray W. Winters
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Inhibition ◽  
X And Y Cells ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Y Cells

Actions of excitatory amino acids on brisk ganglion cells in the cat retina

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1368-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Boos ◽  
F. Muller ◽  
H. Wassle
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Discharge Rate ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Excitatory Input ◽  
Gabaergic Interneurons ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
X Cells ◽  
Y Cells

1. Retinal ganglion cell activity was recorded extracellularly in the intact cat eye. We examined the effects of iontophoretically applied glutamate (GLU), aspartate (ASP), and the specific agonists kainate (KA), quisqualate (QQ), (RS)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA), and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) on the spontaneous and light-driven activity of ganglion cells. 2. ASP and GLU increased the spontaneous as well as the light-driven activity of all brisk cell types. The effects of the two drugs were very similar. The activity of most cells remained at a constant increased level during prolonged application of these drugs. 3. KA also excited all brisk ganglion cell classes and caused effects very similar to those of GLU and ASP but was effective at a much lower concentration. In general, brisk ganglion cells responded most vigorously to KA application. 4. QQ excited approximately 50% of all ON-X and OFF-X cells encountered, the other 50% of the X cells and all Y cells were inhibited during QQ-application. This inhibition was quite likely due to the stimulation of glycinergic and GABAergic interneurons, because it was reduced or abolished during application of the respective antagonists strychnine and bicuculline. All ganglion cells apparently received either direct or indirect excitatory input from QQ receptors, which can be revealed by blocking the inhibitory interneurons. 5. The major actions of QQ on the discharge rate of ganglion cells are mimicked by AMPA. Hence, the actions of QQ are likely to be mediated by the "classical" QQ-receptor, ion-channel complex rather than by the recently described type of QQ-receptor that is coupled to a second messenger system. 6. NMDA excited ON-X, OFF-X, and OFF-Y cells but inhibited ON-Y cells. Excitatory and inhibitory NMDA effects could be blocked by the specific NMDA-receptor antagonists D(-)-2-amino-7-phosphono-heptanoate (AP-7) or 3-((+/-)-2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP). If the GABAergic transmission was blocked by bicuculline, the NMDA-induced inhibition of ON-Y cells was abolished. We conclude that NMDA activates GABAergic interneurons that in turn reduce the activity of ON-Y cells.

The retinal dopamine network alters the adaptational properties of retinal ganglion cells in the cat

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 730-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Maguire ◽  
D. I. Hamasaki
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Dopamine Antagonists ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Pathway Activity ◽  
Response Properties ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Y Cells

1. Single-unit extracellular recordings of optic tract fibers were used to study ganglion cell (GC) response properties of the intact cat eye before and after the intravitreal injection of haloperidol or SCH23390, dopamine-specific antagonists. Nearly all of the dopaminergic cells in the cat retina are amacrine cells (ACs); thus the dopamine antagonists are thought to primarily block the postsynaptic effects of these dopaminergic amacrine cells. All GCs encountered were subjected to a battery of receptive-field (RF) tests, including classification as X or Y, and as ON or OFF. 2. The effects of haloperidol were greatest in the light-adapted OFF-center pathways and especially in the OFF-center Y-cell. Within 30 min of haloperidol injection, both the spontaneous and light-evoked activity of the OFF-center Y-cell fell to zero, but when the same cell was exposed to lower levels of steady-state background illumination (scotopic levels), the response of the cell once again became robust. 3. OFF-Center Y-cells that had partially recovered from the drug effects and OFF-center X-cells recorded when the drug effect was maximal both possessed intensity-response curves that were shifted to the right of normal. 4. Recovery from the drug effects reflect supranormal responses after the initial response reductions and may be due to haloperidol's action on the dopamine autoreceptor. 5. Of the ON-center cells, only the Y-cells showed response alterations; possessing higher spontaneous activities and slightly reduced amplitudes to RF center (RFC) illumination. 6. The effects of SCH23390 paralleled those of haloperidol except that the onset was faster and the duration of the action of SCH23390 was much shorter, and no supranormal responses followed the initial effects. 7. Dark-adaptation functions of OFF-center GCs revealed a normal rod-cone shift; however, SCH23390 eliminated the rod-cone break, and threshold quickly fell to that of the rod mechanism. 8. The dopaminergic neurons of the cat retina appear to play an important role in regulating the activity of retinal OFF-center pathways in the photopically adapted eye, and one of its functions may be to control the relative contributions of the rod and cone systems to the response properties of light-adapted OFF-center GCs. 9. It is argued that dopamine is released in the light and enhances cone pathway activity, perhaps in the outer retina at bipolar and horizontal cells, and suppresses rod pathway activity, perhaps in the inner retina at amacrine cells.

scholarly journals The nonlinear pathway of Y ganglion cells in the cat retina.

1979 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 671-689 ◽  
Author(s):  
J D Victor ◽  
R M Shapley
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Linear Filters ◽  
Nonlinear Responses ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Y Cells

Retinal ganglion cells of the Y type in the cat retina produce two different types of response: linear and nonlinear. The nonlinear responses are generated by a separate and independent nonlinear pathway. The functional connectivity in this pathway is analyzed here by comparing the observed second-order frequency responses of Y cells with predictions of a "sandwich model" in which a static nonlinear stage is sandwiched between two linear filters. The model agrees well with the qualitative and quantitative features of the second-order responses. The prefilter in the model may well be the bipolar cells and the nonlinearity and postfilter in the model are probably associated with amacrine cells.

Morphological correlates of physiologically identified Y-, X-, and W-cells in cat retina

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 999-1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Fukuda ◽  
C. F. Hsiao ◽  
M. Watanabe ◽  
H. Ito
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Fiber Layer ◽  
Dendritic Field ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Range Cell ◽  
Dendritic Fields ◽  
X Cells ◽  
Y Cells

The action spike activities of single ganglion cells were recorded from the nasal retina of the intact eye of anesthetized and immobilized cats. Each ganglion cell was identified as a Y-, X-, or W-cell on the basis of its axonal conduction velocity, its receptive-field properties, and the level of maintained activity. Of about 100 ganglion cells physiologically identified and penetrated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-containing glass microelectrodes, 21 cells were subsequently identified in flat-mount preparations of the retinas and processed for detection of HRP. Of a total of nine Y-cells recovered, four had been penetrated at the soma and five at the axon. All had the morphology of the alpha-cell of Boycott and Wassle. Eight X-cells recovered. All had been penetrated at the soma and showed beta-cell morphology. Four W-cells were penetrated at the soma and recovered. Two off-tonic W-cells had small somas (15-16 micron in diam) and sparse dendritic fields, resembling gamma-cells of Boycott and Wassle. They are also similar to “G4” and “G18” of Kolb et al.'s classification. One on-tonic W-cell had somewhat larger soma (18 micron) with a relatively densely branched dendritic field. This corresponds to delta-cell of Boycott and Wassle or to “G15” of Kolb et al. One on-off phasic W-cell had a medium-sized soma (25.3 micron) with a fanlike dendritic expansion characteristic of the “unilateral horizontal broad range cell” of Shkolnik-Yarros or of “G22” of Kolb et al. Alternatively, all these W-cells can be called medium-sized gamma-cells. Among all three classes of ganglion cells, a positive correlation was found between the diameter of the receptive-field center and the dendritic field. Assuming that in the cat retina 1 degree of visual angle = 230 micron, dendritic fields of Y-cells seemed larger than their physiologically determined receptive-field centers. By contrast, the reverse relation was found between these two dimensions in X-cells. Axon diameters ranged from 4.0 to 5.6 micron (mean, 4.5 micron) in Y-cells and from 1.9 to 2.7 micron (mean, 2.2 micron) in X-cells. Three W-cells showed axon diameters of 0.6, 1.1, and 1.8 micron. The axon diameter distributions made from axons labeled by massive injections of HRP into the optic nerve fiber layer showed a pattern of distribution similar to that obtained from physiologically identified Y-, X-, and W-cell axons.

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