scholarly journals The effects of tetanus toxin on neuromuscular transmission and on the morphology of motor end-plates in slow and fast skeletal muscle of the mouse

1973 ◽  
Vol 228 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. W. Duchen ◽  
D. A. Tonge
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Tetanus Toxin ◽  
Neuromuscular Transmission ◽  
Fast Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Motor End Plates

Structural Basis of Tirasemtiv Activation of Fast Skeletal Muscle

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 3026-3034
Author(s):  
Monica X. Li ◽  
Pascal Mercier ◽  
James J. Hartman ◽  
Brian D. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Structural Basis ◽  
Fast Skeletal Muscle

scholarly journals An opportunistic promoter sharing regulatory sequences with either a muscle-specific or a ubiquitous promoter in the human aldolase A gene.

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
J P Concordet ◽  
M Salminen ◽  
J Demignon ◽  
C Moch ◽  
P Maire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Integration Site ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Regulatory Sequences ◽  
Beta Globin ◽  
Fast Skeletal Muscle ◽  
High Level Expression ◽  
Adult Skeletal Muscle ◽  
High Level ◽  
Aldolase A

The human aldolase A gene is transcribed from three different promoters, pN, pM, and pH, all of which are clustered within a small 1.6-kbp DNA domain. pM, which is highly specific to adult skeletal muscle, lies in between pN and pH, which are ubiquitous but particularly active in heart and skeletal muscle. A ubiquitous enhancer, located just upstream of pH start sites, is necessary for the activity of both pH and pN in transient transfection assays. Using transgenic mice, we studied the sequence controlling the muscle-specific promoter pM and the relations between the three promoters and the ubiquitous enhancer. A 4.3-kbp fragment containing the three promoters and the ubiquitous enhancer showed an expression pattern consistent with that known in humans. In addition, while pH was active in both fast and slow skeletal muscles, pM was active only in fast muscle. pM activity was unaltered by the deletion of a 1.8-kbp region containing the ubiquitous enhancer and the pH promoter, whereas pN remained active only in fast skeletal muscle. These findings suggest that in fast skeletal muscle, a tissue-specific enhancer was acting on both pN and pM, whereas in other tissues, the ubiquitous enhancer was necessary for pN activity. Finally, a 2.6-kbp region containing the ubiquitous enhancer and only the pH promoter was sufficient to bring about high-level expression of pH in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Thus, while pH and pM function independently of each other, pN, remarkably, shares regulatory elements with each of them, depending on the tissue. Importantly, expression of the transgenes was independent of the integration site, as originally described for transgenes containing the beta-globin locus control region.

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