scholarly journals The effects of pressure and pharmacologically active substances on gastric peristalsis in a transmurally stimulated rat stomach-duodenum preparation

1966 ◽  
Vol 182 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Armitage ◽  
A. C. B. Dean
Keyword(s):  
Rat Stomach ◽  
Gastric Peristalsis ◽  
Pharmacologically Active ◽  
Active Substances

scholarly journals Developments in Taste-Masking Techniques for Traditional Chinese Medicines

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Zheng ◽  
Fei Wu ◽  
Yanlong Hong ◽  
Lan Shen ◽  
Xiao Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Film Coating ◽  
Chinese Herbs ◽  
Taste Masking ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Drugs ◽  
Organoleptic Properties ◽  
Chinese Medicines ◽  
Cyclodextrin Inclusion ◽  
Exchange Resins ◽  
Pharmacologically Active ◽  
Active Substances

A variety of pharmacologically active substances, including chemotherapeutic drugs and the substances from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), always exhibit potent bioactivities after oral administration. However, their unpleasant taste (such as bitterness) and/or odor always decrease patient compliance and thus compromise their curative efficacies in clinical application. Therefore, the developments of taste-masking techniques are of great significance in improving their organoleptic properties. However, though a variety of taste-masking techniques have been successfully used to mask the unpalatable taste of chemotherapeutic drugs, their suitability for TCM substances is relatively limited. This is mainly due to the fact that the bitter ingredients existing in multicomponent TCM systems (i.e., effective fractions, single Chinese herbs, and compound preparations) are always unclear, and thus, there is lack of tailor-made taste-masking techniques to be utilized to conceal their unpleasant taste. The relevant studies are also relatively limited. As a whole, three types of taste-masking techniques are generally applied to TCM, including (i) functional masking via sweeteners, bitter blockers, and taste modifiers; (ii) physical masking via polymer film-coating or lipid barrier systems; and (iii) biochemical masking via intermolecular interaction, β-cyclodextrin inclusion, or ion-exchange resins. This review fully summarizes the results reported in this field with the purpose of providing an informative reference for relevant readers.

Comparison of amantadine, orphenadrine, and placebo in the control of phenothiazine-induced Parkinsonism

1972 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 406-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. S. Mindham ◽  
R. Gaind ◽  
B. H. Anstee ◽  
Lorna Rimmer
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Fluphenazine Decanoate ◽  
Cholinergic Drugs ◽  
Blind Comparison ◽  
Pharmacologically Active ◽  
Active Substances

SynopsisA double-blind comparison was made of the effects of amantadine hydrochloride, orphenadrine hydrochloride, and placebo in the control of the effects on the extrapyramidal nervous system of fluphenazine decanoate. Patients were assessed with regard to the main symptoms of Parkinsonism, the leading clinical signs, performance in walking, writing and squeezing, changes in mood, and unwanted effects of medication. Neither of the pharmacologically active substances was superior to placebo. Attention is drawn to the paucity of evidence for the effectiveness of anti-cholinergic drugs in both Parkinson's disease and in drug-induced Parkinsonism. The special difficulties in performing trials of substances used in relieving the unwanted effects of other drugs are discussed in relationship to defects in methodology in both this and earlier trials. The findings of the present study are not conclusive but show a clear need for further research in this field. The possible theoretical and practical importance of such research is discussed.

scholarly journals Quantitative Determination of Vinpocetine in Dietary Supplements

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1601100
Author(s):  
John M. T. French ◽  
Matthew D. King ◽  
Owen M. McDougal
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Nootropic Drugs ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Pharmacologically Active ◽  
Active Substances

Current United States regulatory policies allow for the addition of pharmacologically active substances in dietary supplements if derived from a botanical source. The inclusion of certain nootropic drugs, such as vinpocetine, in dietary supplements has recently come under scrutiny due to the lack of defined dosage parameters and yet unproven short- and long-term benefits and risks to human health. This study quantified the concentration of vinpocetine in several commercially available dietary supplements and found that a highly variable range of 0.6–5.1 mg/serving was present across the tested products, with most products providing no specification of vinpocetine concentrations.

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