scholarly journals Trusting a gut feeling: the potential of a newly refined human intestinal enteroid model to evaluate viral‐host interactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 598 (22) ◽  
pp. 5013-5015
Author(s):  
Jeremia M. Coish ◽  
Robert W. E. Crozier ◽  
Katarina E. Schertzer
Keyword(s):  
Host Interactions ◽  
Viral Host Interactions

scholarly journals Chikungunya and Zika Viruses: Co-Circulation and the Interplay between Viral Proteins and Host Factors

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 448
Author(s):  
Sineewanlaya Wichit ◽  
Nuttamonpat Gumpangseth ◽  
Rodolphe Hamel ◽  
Sakda Yainoy ◽  
Siwaret Arikit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Targeted Therapeutics ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Mosquito Vectors ◽  
Host Proteins ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Viral Host Interactions

Chikungunya and Zika viruses, both transmitted by mosquito vectors, have globally re-emerged over for the last 60 years and resulted in crucial social and economic concerns. Presently, there is no specific antiviral agent or vaccine against these debilitating viruses. Understanding viral–host interactions is needed to develop targeted therapeutics. However, there is presently limited information in this area. In this review, we start with the updated virology and replication cycle of each virus. Transmission by similar mosquito vectors, frequent co-circulation, and occurrence of co-infection are summarized. Finally, the targeted host proteins/factors used by the viruses are discussed. There is an urgent need to better understand the virus–host interactions that will facilitate antiviral drug development and thus reduce the global burden of infections caused by arboviruses.

scholarly journals Diversity, pathogenicity and pandemic potential of Henipavirus: an interview with Benhur Lee

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 449-451
Author(s):  
Benhur Lee
Keyword(s):  
Advisory Committee ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
International Committee ◽  
University Of Pennsylvania ◽  
Yale University ◽  
Postdoctoral Training ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
School Of Medicine ◽  
The University ◽  
Viral Host Interactions

Biography Dr Benhur Lee is a Professor of Microbiology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS, NY, USA). He obtained his MD from Yale University School of Medicine (1995) and completed his clinical/postdoctoral training at the University of Pennsylvania (1995–2001). He was a Professor in the Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA (2001–2013). Dr Lee is an appointed member of the NIH Novel and Exceptional Technology and Research Advisory Committee (NExTRAC), formerly known as the recombinant DNA Advisory committee (RAC). He is also on the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV, paramyxovirus study group). Dr Lee has a special interest in emerging RNA viruses and HIV with a focus on molecular viral-host interactions that govern virus entry and budding.

Apoptosis and autophagy as a turning point in viral–host interactions: the case of human norovirus and its surrogates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Kennedy ◽  
Mélanie M Leroux ◽  
Alexis Simons ◽  
Brice Malve ◽  
Marc Devocelle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Entry ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Infection Process ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Antiviral Therapies ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Major Response ◽  
Causes Of Disease ◽  
Viral Host Interactions

Human gastroenteritis viruses are amid the major causes of disease worldwide, responsible for more than 2 million deaths per year. Human noroviruses play a leading role in the gastroenteritis outbreaks and the continuous emergence of new strains contributes to the significant morbidity and mortality. Many aspects of the viral entry and infection process remain unclear, including the major response of the host cell to the virus, which is the trigger of several programmed cell death related mechanisms. In this review, we assessed apoptosis and autophagy at various stages in the infection process to provide better understanding of the viral–host interaction. This brings us closer to fully understanding how noroviruses work, thus allowing the development of specific antiviral therapies.

scholarly journals Twelfth International Foamy Virus Conference—Meeting Report

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ottmar Herchenröder ◽  
Martin Löchelt ◽  
Florence Buseyne ◽  
Antoine Gessain ◽  
Marcelo A. Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Foamy Virus ◽  
Meeting Report ◽  
Virus Structure ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Current State ◽  
Foamy Viruses ◽  
Viral Host Interactions ◽  
Human Primate

The 12th International Foamy Virus Conference took place on August 30–31, 2018 at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany. The meeting included presentations on current research on non-human primate and non-primate foamy viruses (FVs; also called spumaretroviruses) as well as keynote talks on related research areas in retroviruses. The taxonomy of foamy viruses was updated earlier this year to create five new genera in the subfamily, Spumaretrovirinae, based on their animal hosts. Research on viruses from different genera was presented on topics of potential relevance to human health, such as natural infections and cross-species transmission, replication, and viral-host interactions in particular with the immune system, dual retrovirus infections, virus structure and biology, and viral vectors for gene therapy. This article provides an overview of the current state-of-the-field, summarizes the meeting highlights, and presents some important questions that need to be addressed in the future.

scholarly journals The rabbit papillomavirus model: a valuable tool to study viral–host interactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1773) ◽  
pp. 20180294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy M. Cladel ◽  
Xuwen Peng ◽  
Neil Christensen ◽  
Jiafen Hu
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccine ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Preclinical Model ◽  
Sylvilagus Floridanus ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Cottontail Rabbit ◽  
Transgenic Rabbits ◽  
Viral Host Interactions

Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) was the first DNA virus shown to be tumorigenic. The virus has since been renamed and is officially known as Sylvilagus floridanus papillomavirus 1 (SfPV1). Since its inception as a surrogate preclinical model for high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, the SfPV1/rabbit model has been widely used to study viral–host interactions and has played a pivotal role in the successful development of three prophylactic virus-like particle vaccines. In this review, we will focus on the use of the model to gain a better understanding of viral pathogenesis, gene function and host immune responses to viral infections. We will discuss the application of the model in HPV-associated vaccine testing, in therapeutic vaccine development (using our novel HLA-A2.1 transgenic rabbits) and in the development and validation of novel anti-viral and anti-tumour compounds. Our goal is to demonstrate the role the SfPV1/rabbit model has played, and continues to play, in helping to unravel the intricacies of papillomavirus infections and to develop tools to thwart the disease. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses’.

Proteomics methods for discovering viral–host interactions

Methods ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 90 ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna A. Georges ◽  
Lori Frappier
Keyword(s):  
Host Interactions ◽  
Viral Host Interactions

scholarly journals A rigorous framework for detecting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mutational ensemble from genomic and structural features

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saman Fatihi ◽  
Surabhi Rathore ◽  
Ankit Pathak ◽  
Deepanshi Gahlot ◽  
Mitali Mukerji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Data ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Rigorous Framework ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
Viral Host Interactions

AbstractThe recent release of SARS-CoV-2 genomic data from several countries has provided clues into the potential antigenic drift of the coronavirus population. In particular, the genomic instability observed in the spike protein necessitates immediate action and further exploration in the context of viral-host interactions. Here we dynamically track 3,11,795 genome sequences of spike protein, which comprises 2,584 protein mutations. We reveal mutational genomic ensemble at different timing and geographies, that evolves on four distinct residues. In addition to the well-established N501 mutational cluster, we detect the presence of three novel clusters, namely A222, N439, and S477. The robust examination of structural features from 44 known cryo-EM structures showed that the virus is deploying many mutations within these clusters on structurally heterogeneous regions. One such dominant variant D614G was also simulated using molecular dynamics simulations and, as compared to wild-type, we found higher stability with human ACE2 receptor. There is also a significant overlap of mutational clusters on known epitopes, indicating putative interference with antibody binding. Thus, we propose that the resulting coaxility of mutational clusters is the most efficient feature of SARS-CoV-2 evolution and provides precise mutant combinations that can enable future vaccine re-positioning.

scholarly journals Identification of Immune complement function as a determinant of adverse SARS-CoV-2 infection outcome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijendra Ramlall ◽  
Phyllis M. Thangaraj ◽  
Cem Meydan ◽  
Jonathan Foox ◽  
Daniel Butler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Structure ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Virus Protein ◽  
Type I ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Viral Host Interactions

SummaryUnderstanding the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection is critical for therapeutics and public health intervention strategies. Viral-host interactions can guide discovery of regulators of disease outcomes, and protein structure function analysis points to several immune pathways, including complement and coagulation, as targets of the coronavirus proteome. To determine if conditions associated with dysregulation of the complement or coagulation systems impact adverse clinical outcomes, we performed a retrospective observational study of 11,116 patients who presented with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found that history of macular degeneration (a proxy for complement activation disorders) and history of coagulation disorders (thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, and hemorrhage) are risk factors for morbidity and mortality in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients - effects that could not be explained by age, sex, or history of smoking. Further, transcriptional profiling of nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs from 650 control and SARS-CoV-2 infected patients demonstrated that in addition to innate Type-I interferon and IL-6 dependent inflammatory immune responses, infection results in robust engagement and activation of the complement and coagulation pathways. Finally, we conducted a candidate driven genetic association study of severe SARS-CoV-2 disease. Among the findings, our scan identified putative complement and coagulation associated loci including missense, eQTL and sQTL variants of critical regulators of the complement and coagulation cascades. In addition to providing evidence that complement function modulates SARS-CoV-2 infection outcome, the data point to putative transcriptional genetic markers of susceptibility. The results highlight the value of using a multi-modal analytical approach, combining molecular information from virus protein structure-function analysis with clinical informatics, transcriptomics, and genomics to reveal determinants and predictors of immunity, susceptibility, and clinical outcome associated with infection.

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