scholarly journals Sex differences in diaphragmatic fatigue: do young women have an advantage?

2018 ◽  
Vol 596 (22) ◽  
pp. 5303-5304
Author(s):  
Claire M. DeLucia ◽  
Daniel H. Craighead
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Diaphragmatic Fatigue

Influence of sex on microvascular and macrovascular responses to prolonged sitting

2017 ◽  
Vol 312 (4) ◽  
pp. H800-H805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer R. Vranish ◽  
Benjamin E. Young ◽  
Jasdeep Kaur ◽  
Jordan C. Patik ◽  
Jaume Padilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Shear Rate ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Popliteal Artery ◽  
Reactive Hyperemia ◽  
Sitting Time ◽  
Calf Circumference ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Microvascular Reactivity ◽  
Prolonged Sitting

Increased daily sitting time is associated with greater cardiovascular risk, and, on average, women are more sedentary than men. Recent reports have demonstrated that prolonged sitting reduces lower leg microvascular (reactive hyperemia) and macrovascular [flow-mediated dilation (FMD)] vasodilator function. However, these studies have predominately included men, and the effects of sitting in young women are largely unexplored. This becomes important given known sex differences in vascular function. Thus, herein, we assessed popliteal artery reactive hyperemia and FMD before and after a 3-h sitting period in healthy young women ( n = 12) and men ( n = 8). In addition, resting popliteal artery hemodynamics (duplex Doppler ultrasound) and calf circumference were measured before, during, and after sitting. Resting popliteal artery shear rate was reduced to a similar extent in both groups during the sitting period (women: −48.5 ± 8.4 s−1 and men: −52.9 ± 12.3 s−1, P = 0.45). This was accompanied by comparable increases in calf circumference in men and women ( P = 0.37). After the sitting period, popliteal artery FMD was significantly reduced in men (PreSit: 5.5 ± 0.9% and PostSit: 1.6 ± 0.4%, P < 0.001) but not women (PreSit: 4.4 ± 0.6% and PostSit: 3.6 ± 0.6%, P = 0.29). In contrast, both groups demonstrated similar reductions in hyperemic blood flow area under the curve (women: −28,860 ± 5,742 arbitrary units and men: −28,691 ± 9,685 arbitrary units, P = 0.99), indicating impaired microvascular reactivity after sitting. These findings indicate that despite comparable reductions in shear rate during 3 h of uninterrupted sitting, macrovascular function appears protected in some young women but the response was variable, whereas men exhibited more consistent reductions in FMD. In contrast, the leg microvasculature is susceptible to similar sitting-induced impairments in men and women. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that leg macrovascular function was consistently reduced in young men but not young women after prolonged sitting. In contrast, both men and women exhibited similar reductions in leg microvascular reactivity after sitting. These data demonstrate, for the first time, sex differences in vascular responses to prolonged sitting.

Finding Agreement among Women on Gender Issues

1994 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Jensen ◽  
Robert Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Women Students ◽  
Feminist Theory ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Gender Issues ◽  
California State University ◽  
State University ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
San Luis

This study was done to identify areas of agreement on gender issues. The sample of 161 students attended California State University at San Luis Obispo and 27 nonuniversity students were friends. Among university students, 112 were women, 49 were men. A questionnaire asked respondents to indicate agreement on the issues of equal opportunity, sex differences, tactics of social change, education, protectionism, sexuality, family, and sexual standards for women. Agreement was high among different groups, men and women, students and nonstudents, old and young women, and denominational affiliations. The results were discussed in terms of building feminist theory and evaluating social policy on areas of agreement as depicted in this sample.

scholarly journals Sex Differences In Exercise-induced Diaphragmatic Fatigue In Endurance-trained Athletes

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan A. Guenette ◽  
Lee M. Romer ◽  
Jordan S. Querido ◽  
Romeo Chua ◽  
Neil D. Eves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Diaphragmatic Fatigue ◽  
Exercise Induced

Abstract 18802: Sex Differences in the Risk of 1-year Re-hospitalization in Young Women and Men following Acute Myocardial Infarction

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel P Dreyer ◽  
Chileshe Nkonde-Price ◽  
Kevin Kennedy ◽  
Viola Vaccarino ◽  
Susmita Parashar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hospitalization Rate ◽  
Study Patient ◽  
Contributing Factors

Background: It is currently unknown whether young women (≤55 yrs) have a greater risk of all cause-re-hospitalization following AMI than similarly aged men. This is an important subgroup to study considering younger women’s higher post-AMI mortality compared with age-matched men. We determined if there are sex differences in the 1-year re-hospitalization rate, including factors associated with this outcome. Methods: Young AMI patients (N=1414, 28% women) were identified from the 24-center prospective, observational TRIUMPH study. Patient data was abstracted from medical records and health status was collected through interviews at the time of the AMI [Short Form 12 (SF-12), and the Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ)]. Physicians adjudicated each re-hospitalization the year after discharge. We compared sexes using t-test/x2 and Cox proportional hazards analysis, sequentially adjusting for important covariates. Results: The crude 1-yr re-hospitalization rate was higher in women vs. men (32% vs. 23%, P<0.001), and women also had more hypertension (64% vs. 53%), diabetes (34% vs. 22%), lung disease (9% vs. 3%), and depression (14% vs. 6%; P<0.0001 for all). At presentation, women had worse general health scores (SF-12 physical summary=41±12 vs. 44±11, mental summary= 45±13vs.49±11, P<0.0001 for all), more angina (SAQ angina frequency=83±22 vs. 87±19), poorer physical function (SAQ physical limitation=82±24 vs. 89±19) and worse quality of life (57±23 vs. 62±23; P<0.001 for all). In the fully adjusted model, female sex was no longer significantly associated with 1-year re-hospitalization post AMI (HR=1.20, 95%CI = 0.93, 1.56). Conclusion: Young women have a higher crude rate of 1-year re-hospitalization post AMI compared with men, however this effect was attenuated following adjustment. In addition to conventional risk factors, health status/psychosocial issues may be contributing factors in the risk of re-hospitalization among these young patients.

Abstract P143: Young Women are Most Susceptible to the Effects of Smoking on Adverse Cardiovascular Events

Circulation ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cherie R Rooks ◽  
Danny Eapen ◽  
Amit Shah ◽  
Pankaj Manocha ◽  
Riyaz Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Older Women ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Artery Disease

Background . Although overall rates of smoking have declined in the U.S. population, such decline has been less in women than in men, and sex differences in smoking-related morbidity and mortality from coronary artery disease (CAD) may also exist. The purpose of this study was to determine sex and age-specific differences in the relationship between smoking and adverse cardiovascular events in patients referred for CAD evaluation. Methods . We examined 261 current smokers and 1,561 non-smokers who underwent coronary angiography for suspected CAD. Patients were followed for repeat hospitalization or death related to major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). CAD severity was scored based on the Coronary Artery Surgery Study scoring system. Results . Smokers were more likely to be men (64%) and <60 years of age (62%). After a median follow-up of 2.4 years, 148 (24%) women and 345 (29%) men experienced MACE. The adjusted hazard ratio for MACE was >10-fold in women smokers <60 yrs than non smoking counterparts (Table 1), and remained significant after adjusting for CAD severity. No significant association was found in men <60 yrs or in older women or older men (sex, age and smoking interaction: p=0.03). Conclusions . Younger women referred for coronary evaluation appear to be more susceptible to the adverse cardiovascular effects of smoking than men or older women. Our results suggest potential sex differences in CAD pathophysiology and prognosis and emphasize the need to address smoking behavior in all patients, particularly young women.

scholarly journals Lack of limb or sex differences in the cutaneous vascular responses to exogenous norepinephrine

2014 ◽  
Vol 117 (12) ◽  
pp. 1417-1423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jody L. Greaney ◽  
Anna E. Stanhewicz ◽  
W. Larry Kenney ◽  
Lacy M. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Receptor Antagonist ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Adrenergic Receptor ◽  
Receptor Blockade ◽  
Doppler Flowmetry ◽  
Vascular Responses ◽  
Cutaneous Vasodilation ◽  
Vascular Responsiveness ◽  
Cutaneous Vasoconstriction

The cutaneous circulation is used to examine vascular adrenergic function in clinical populations; however, limited studies have examined whether there are regional limb and sex differences in microvascular adrenergic responsiveness. We hypothesized that cutaneous adrenergic responsiveness would be greater in the leg compared with the arm and that these regional limb differences would be blunted in young women ( protocol 1). We further hypothesized that cutaneous vasoconstriction to exogenous norepinephrine (NE) during β-adrenergic receptor antagonism would be augmented in young women ( protocol 2). In protocol 1, one microdialysis fiber was placed in the skin of the calf and the ventral forearm in 20 healthy young adults (11 men and 9 women). Laser-Doppler flowmetry was used to measure red blood cell flux in response to graded intradermal microdialysis infusions of NE (10−12 to 10−2 M). In protocol 2, three microdialysis fibers were placed in the forearm (6 men and 8 women) for the local perfusion of lactated Ringer (control), 5 mM yohimbine (α-adrenergic receptor antagonist), or 2 mM propranolol (β-adrenergic receptor antagonist) during concurrent infusions of NE (10−12 to 10−2 M). There were no limb or sex differences in cutaneous adrenergic responsiveness (logEC50) to exogenous NE. During α-adrenergic receptor blockade, women had greater exogenous NE-induced cutaneous vasodilation at the lowest doses of NE (10−12 to 10−10 M). Collectively, these data indicate that there are no limb or sex differences in cutaneous adrenergic responsiveness to exogenous NE; however, young women have a greater β-adrenergic receptor-mediated component of the vascular responsiveness to exogenous NE.

General Practitioners and Young Suicides

1996 ◽  
Vol 168 (3) ◽  
pp. 330-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Appleby ◽  
Tim Amos ◽  
Una Doyle ◽  
Barbara Tomenson ◽  
Miriam Woodman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
General Practice ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Gp Visits ◽  
Retrospective Examination ◽  
Health Districts

BackgroundThe suicide rate in young men, but not young women, is rising. One possible route to suicide prevention is through general practice but recent evidence suggests that young suicides are not likely to attend GP surgeries prior to death.MethodWe carried out a retrospective examination of general practice contacts by a 2-year sample of suicides under 35 years of age in the 12 health districts of Greater Manchester. In the 61 young suicides who were known to attend a GP in the three months before death, we recorded (a) the number of consultations each week in the three months before suicide; (b) sex differences in rates of and reasons for consultation; (c) frequency of recorded risk assessment at the last GP visit before suicide.ResultsThe number of GP visits increased significantly before death. A monthly increase was more evident in males, but the increase in the week before death was more marked in females. There was no sex difference in the rate of GP visits before suicide; both sexes were most likely to attend for psychological reasons. Significant suicide risk had been noted at none of the final GP visits.ConclusionsThere remains a potential role for GPs in preventing suicides by young people of both sexes. The recent increase in suicide by young males does not appear to be related to a lower rate of GP attendance before death. Future training of GPs in this area should focus on risk assessment.

Sex differences in dynamic blood pressure regulation: beat-by-beat responses to muscle sympathetic nerve activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 319 (3) ◽  
pp. H531-H538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmine Coovadia ◽  
Tessa E. Adler ◽  
Craig D. Steinback ◽  
Graham M. Fraser ◽  
Charlotte W. Usselman
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity ◽  
Blood Pressure Regulation ◽  
Sympathetic Outflow ◽  
Pressure Regulation ◽  
Nerve Activity

We demonstrate that during acute sympathoinhibition, women demonstrate more sustained increases in blood pressure following sympathetic bursts of activity than men. Likewise, during prolonged sympathetic quiescence, blood pressure is less labile in women than men. This suggests that lower overall blood pressure in young women may not be mediated by smaller beat-by-beat changes in blood pressure in response to sympathetic outflow but may instead be mediated by a lower frequency of sympathetic bursts.

scholarly journals Sex differences in diaphragmatic fatigue and the metaboreflex following inspiratory pressure-threshold loading

2018 ◽  
Vol 596 (19) ◽  
pp. 4579-4580
Author(s):  
Christina D. Bruce ◽  
Alexandra F. Yacyshyn ◽  
Luca Ruggiero
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Inspiratory Pressure ◽  
Pressure Threshold ◽  
Diaphragmatic Fatigue

scholarly journals Sex differences in exercise-induced diaphragmatic fatigue in endurance-trained athletes

2010 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan A. Guenette ◽  
Lee M. Romer ◽  
Jordan S. Querido ◽  
Romeo Chua ◽  
Neil D. Eves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Maximal Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Transdiaphragmatic Pressure ◽  
Pressure Time ◽  
Diaphragmatic Fatigue ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Pressure Time Product ◽  
Diaphragm Fatigue

There is evidence that female athletes may be more susceptible to exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia and expiratory flow limitation and have greater increases in operational lung volumes during exercise relative to men. These pulmonary limitations may ultimately lead to greater levels of diaphragmatic fatigue in women. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to determine whether there are sex differences in the prevalence and severity of exercise-induced diaphragmatic fatigue in 38 healthy endurance-trained men ( n = 19; maximal aerobic capacity = 64.0 ± 1.9 ml·kg−1·min−1) and women ( n = 19; maximal aerobic capacity = 57.1 ± 1.5 ml·kg−1·min−1). Transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) was calculated as the difference between gastric and esophageal pressures. Inspiratory pressure-time products of the diaphragm and esophagus were calculated as the product of breathing frequency and the Pdi and esophageal pressure time integrals, respectively. Cervical magnetic stimulation was used to measure potentiated Pdi twitches (Pdi,tw) before and 10, 30, and 60 min after a constant-load cycling test performed at 90% of peak work rate until exhaustion. Diaphragm fatigue was considered present if there was a ≥15% reduction in Pdi,tw after exercise. Diaphragm fatigue occurred in 11 of 19 men (58%) and 8 of 19 women (42%). The percent drop in Pdi,tw at 10, 30, and 60 min after exercise in men ( n = 11) was 30.6 ± 2.3, 20.7 ± 3.2, and 13.3 ± 4.5%, respectively, whereas results in women ( n = 8) were 21.0 ± 2.1, 11.6 ± 2.9, and 9.7 ± 4.2%, respectively, with sex differences occurring at 10 and 30 min ( P < 0.05). Men continued to have a reduced contribution of the diaphragm to total inspiratory force output (pressure-time product of the diaphragm/pressure-time product of the esophagus) during exercise, whereas diaphragmatic contribution in women changed very little over time. The findings from this study point to a female diaphragm that is more resistant to fatigue relative to their male counterparts.

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