scholarly journals Heterogeneity of Purkinje cell simple spike-complex spike interactions: zebrin- and non-zebrin-related variations

2017 ◽  
Vol 595 (15) ◽  
pp. 5341-5357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianyu Tang ◽  
Jianqiang Xiao ◽  
Colleen Y. Suh ◽  
Amelia Burroughs ◽  
Nadia L. Cerminara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Complex Spike ◽  
Simple Spike

scholarly journals In vivo analysis of Purkinje cell firing properties during postnatal mouse development

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 578-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marife Arancillo ◽  
Joshua J. White ◽  
Tao Lin ◽  
Trace L. Stay ◽  
Roy V. Sillitoe
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Mouse Development ◽  
Complex Spike ◽  
Simple Spike ◽  
Spike Firing

Purkinje cell activity is essential for controlling motor behavior. During motor behavior Purkinje cells fire two types of action potentials: simple spikes that are generated intrinsically and complex spikes that are induced by climbing fiber inputs. Although the functions of these spikes are becoming clear, how they are established is still poorly understood. Here, we used in vivo electrophysiology approaches conducted in anesthetized and awake mice to record Purkinje cell activity starting from the second postnatal week of development through to adulthood. We found that the rate of complex spike firing increases sharply at 3 wk of age whereas the rate of simple spike firing gradually increases until 4 wk of age. We also found that compared with adult, the pattern of simple spike firing during development is more irregular as the cells tend to fire in bursts that are interrupted by long pauses. The regularity in simple spike firing only reached maturity at 4 wk of age. In contrast, the adult complex spike pattern was already evident by the second week of life, remaining consistent across all ages. Analyses of Purkinje cells in alert behaving mice suggested that the adult patterns are attained more than a week after the completion of key morphogenetic processes such as migration, lamination, and foliation. Purkinje cell activity is therefore dynamically sculpted throughout postnatal development, traversing several critical events that are required for circuit formation. Overall, we show that simple spike and complex spike firing develop with unique developmental trajectories.

Increase in Purkinje cell gain associated with naturally activated climbing fiber input

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 205-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Ebner ◽  
Q. X. Yu ◽  
J. R. Bloedel
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Mossy Fiber ◽  
Climbing Fiber ◽  
Peripheral Stimulus ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Spike Response ◽  
Complex Spike ◽  
Simple Spike ◽  
Complex Spikes

These experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that climbing fiber inputs evoked by a peripheral stimulus increase the responsiveness of Purkinje cells to mossy fiber inputs. This hypothesis was based on a previous series of observations demonstrating that spontaneous climbing fiber inputs are associated with an accentuation of the Purkinje cell responses to subsequent mossy fiber inputs (10, 12). Furthermore, short-term nonpersistent interactions between climbing and mossy fiber inputs have been an important aspect of many theories of cerebellar function (5, 7, 8, 12, 36). Extracellular unitary recordings were made from Purkinje cells in lobule V of decerebrate, unanesthetized cats. To activate mossy and climbing fiber inputs, the forepaw was passively flexed by a Ling vibrator system. A data analysis was developed to sort the simple spike trials into two groups, based on the presence or absence of complex spikes activated by the stimulus. In addition, during those trials in which complex spikes were activated, the simple spike train was aligned on the occurrence of the complex spike. For each simple spike response to the forepaw input, the average firing rate during the response was compared to background both in those trials in which complex spikes were activated and in those in which they were not. The ratio of the response amplitudes in the histograms constructed from these two groups of trials permitted a quantification of the change in responsiveness when climbing fiber inputs were activated. The results show that both excitatory and inhibitory simple spike responses are accentuated when associated with the activation of a complex spike. Using an arbitrary level of a gain change ratio of 120% as indicating a significant modification, 64% of the response components analyzed increased their amplitude when climbing fiber input was present. Simple spike response components occurring prior to complex spike activation were usually not accentuated, although in a few cells the amplitude of this component of the response increased. In addition, in a small number of cells the occurrence of complex spikes was associated with a new simple spike component. For excitatory responses, the magnitude of the gain change ratio was shown to be inversely related to the amplitude of the simple spike response evoked by the mossy fiber inputs. The data obtained is consistent with the hypothesis that the climbing fiber input is associated with an increase in the responsiveness of Purkinje cells to mossy fiber inputs. The increased responsiveness occurs whether the simple spike modulation evoked by the peripheral stimulus is excitatory or inhibitory. The change in responsiveness is short term and nonpersistent. It is argued that the activation of climbing fiber inputs to the cerebellar cortex is associated with an increase in the gain of Purkinje cells to mossy fiber inputs activated by natural peripheral stimuli.

scholarly journals A Purkinje cell model that simulates complex spikes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia Burroughs ◽  
Nadia L. Cerminara ◽  
Richard Apps ◽  
Conor Houghton
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Spike Activity ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Complex Spike ◽  
Simple Spike ◽  
Lower Amplitude ◽  
Complex Spikes

AbstractPurkinje cells are the principal neurons of the cerebellar cortex. One of their distinguishing features is that they fire two distinct types of action potential, called simple and complex spikes, which interact with one another. Simple spikes are stereotypical action potentials that are elicited at high, but variable, rates (0 – 100 Hz) and have a consistent waveform. Complex spikes are composed of an initial action potential followed by a burst of lower amplitude spikelets. Complex spikes occur at comparatively low rates (~ 1 Hz) and have a variable waveform. Although they are critical to cerebellar operation a simple model that describes the complex spike waveform is lacking. Here, a novel single-compartment model of Purkinje cell electrodynamics is presented. The simpler version of this model, with two active conductances and a leak channel, can simulate the features typical of complex spikes recorded in vitro. If calcium dynamics are also included, the model can capture the pause in simple spike activity that occurs after complex spike events. Together, these models provide an insight into the mechanisms behind complex spike spikelet generation, waveform variability and their interactions with simple spike activity.

scholarly journals Association Between Dendritic Lamellar Bodies and Complex Spike Synchrony in the Olivocerebellar System

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1747-1758 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. I. De Zeeuw ◽  
S.K.E. Koekkoek ◽  
D.R.W. Wylie ◽  
J. I. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Gap Junctions ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Inferior Olive ◽  
Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Climbing Fibers ◽  
Lamellar Bodies ◽  
Spike Synchrony ◽  
Complex Spike ◽  
Simple Spike

De Zeeuw, C. I., S.K.E. Koekkoek, D.R.W. Wylie, and J. I. Simpson. Association between dendritic lamellar bodies and complex spike synchrony in the olivocerebellar system. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 1747–1758, 1997. Dendritic lamellar bodies have been reported to be associated with dendrodendritic gap junctions. In the present study we investigated this association at both the morphological and electrophysiological level in the olivocerebellar system. Because cerebellar GABAergic terminals are apposed to olivary dendrites coupled by gap junctions, and because lesions of cerebellar nuclei influence the coupling between neurons in the inferior olive, we postulated that if lamellar bodies and gap junctions are related, then the densities of both structures will change together when the cerebellar input is removed. Lesions of the cerebellar nuclei in rats and rabbits resulted in a reduction of the density of lamellar bodies, the number of lamellae per lamellar body, and the density of gap junctions in the inferior olive, whereas the number of olivary neurons was not significantly reduced. The association between lamellar bodies and electrotonic coupling was evaluated electrophysiologically in alert rabbits by comparing the occurrence of complex spike synchrony in different Purkinje cell zones of the flocculus that receive their climbing fibers from olivary subnuclei with different densities of lamellar bodies. The complex spike synchrony of Purkinje cell pairs, that receive their climbing fibers from an olivary subnucleus with a high density of lamellar bodies, was significantly higher than that of Purkinje cells, that receive their climbing fibers from a subnucleus with a low density of lamellar bodies. To investigate whether the complex spike synchrony is related to a possible synchrony between simple spikes, we recorded simultaneously the complex spike and simple spike responses of Purkinje cell pairs during natural visual stimulation. Synchronous simple spike responses did occur, and this synchrony tended to increase as the synchrony between the complex spikes increased. This relation raises the possibility that synchronously activated climbing fibers evoke their effects in part via the simple spike response of Purkinje cells. The present results indicate that dendritic lamellar bodies and dendrodendritic gap junctions can be downregulated concomitantly, and that the density of lamellar bodies in different olivary subdivisions is correlated with the degree of synchrony of their climbing fiber activity. Therefore these data support the hypothesis that dendritic lamellar bodies can be associated with dendrodendritic gap junctions. Considering that the density of dedritic lamellar bodies in the inferior olive is higher than in any other area of the brain, this conclusion implies that electrotonic coupling is important for the function of the olivocerebellar system.

An active membrane model of the cerebellar Purkinje cell II. Simulation of synaptic responses

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 401-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. De Schutter ◽  
J. M. Bower
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Average Frequency ◽  
Climbing Fiber ◽  
Cerebellar Purkinje Cell ◽  
Inhibitory Synapses ◽  
Complex Spike ◽  
Simple Spike ◽  
Spike Firing

1. Both excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic channels were added to a previously described complex compartmental model of a cerebellar Purkinje cell to examine model responses to synaptic inputs. All model parameters remained as described previously, leaving maximum synaptic conductance as the only parameter that was tuned in the studies described in this paper. Under these conditions the model was capable of reproducing physiological recorded responses to each of the major types of synaptic input. 2. When excitatory synapses were activated on the smooth dendrites of the model, the model generated a complex dendritic Ca2+ spike similar to that generated by climbing fiber inputs. Examination of the model showed that activation of P-type Ca2+ channels in both the smooth and spiny dendrites augmented the depolarization during the complex spike and that Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels in the same dendritic regions determined the duration of the spike. When these synapses were activated under simulated current-clamp conditions the model also generated the characteristic dual reversal potential of the complex spike. The shape of the dendritic complex spike could be altered by changing the maximum conductance of the climbing fiber synapse and thus the amount of Ca2+ entering the cell. 3. To explore the background simple spike firing properties of Purkinje cells in vivo we added excitatory “parallel fiber” synapses to the spiny dendritic branches of the model. Continuous asynchronous activation of these granule cell synapses resulted in the generation of spontaneous sodium spikes. However, very low asynchronous input frequencies produced a highly regular, very fast rhythm (80–120 Hz), whereas slightly higher input frequencies resulted in Purkinje cell bursting. Both types of activity are uncharacteristic of in vivo Purkinje cell recordings. 4. Inhibitory synapses of the sort presumably generated by stellate cells were also added to the dendritic tree. When asynchronous activation of these inhibitory synapses was combined with continuous asynchronous excitatory input the model generated somatic action potentials in a much more stochastic pattern typical of real Purkinje cells. Under these conditions simulated inter-spike interval distributions resembled those found in experimental recordings. Also, as with in vivo recordings, the model did not generate dendritic bursts. This was mainly due to inhibition that suppressed the generation of dendritic Ca2+ spikes. 5. In the presence of asynchronous inhibition, changes in the average frequency of excitatory inputs modulated background simple spike firing frequencies in the natural range of Purkinje cell firing frequencies (30–100 Hz). This modulation was very sensitive to small changes in the average frequency of excitatory inputs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

scholarly journals Molecular layer interneurons shape the spike activity of cerebellar Purkinje cells

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda M. Brown ◽  
Marife Arancillo ◽  
Tao Lin ◽  
Daniel R. Catt ◽  
Joy Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Stellate Cell ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Complex Spike ◽  
Gabaergic Neurotransmission ◽  
Simple Spike ◽  
Firing Properties ◽  
Spike Firing

One-sentence summaryCerebellar stellate cells and basket cells shape distinct Purkinje cell firing propertiesAbstractPurkinje cells receive synaptic input from several classes of interneurons. Here, we address the roles of inhibitory molecular layer interneurons in establishing Purkinje cell function in vivo. Using conditional genetics approaches in mice, we compare how the lack of stellate cell versus basket cell GABAergic neurotransmission sculpts the firing properties of Purkinje cells. We take advantage of an inducible Ascl1CreER allele to spatially and temporally target the deletion of the vesicular GABA transporter, Vgat, in developing neurons. Selective depletion of basket cell GABAergic neurotransmission increases the frequency of Purkinje cell simple spike firing and decreases the frequency of complex spike firing in adult behaving mice. In contrast, lack of stellate cell communication increases the regularity of Purkinje cell simple spike firing while increasing the frequency of complex spike firing. Our data uncover complementary roles for molecular layer interneurons in shaping the rate and pattern of Purkinje cell activity in vivo.

scholarly journals Patterns of Spontaneous Purkinje Cell Complex Spike Activity in the Awake Rat

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 2728-2739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Lang ◽  
Izumi Sugihara ◽  
John P. Welsh ◽  
Rodolfo Llinás
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Spike Activity ◽  
Cell Complex ◽  
Complex Spike ◽  
Awake Rat

Spatial organization of visual messages of the rabbit's cerebellar flocculus. II. Complex and simple spike responses of Purkinje cells

1988 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 2091-2121 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Graf ◽  
J. I. Simpson ◽  
C. S. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Rotation Axis ◽  
Modulation Depth ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Axis Orientation ◽  
Complex Spike ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Simple Spike ◽  
Dominant Eye

1. Complex and simple spike responses of Purkinje cells were recorded in the flocculus of anesthetized, paralyzed rabbits during rotating full-field visual stimuli produced by a three-axis planetarium projector. 2. On the basis of the spatial properties of their complex spike responses, floccular Purkinje cells could be placed into three distinct classes called Vertical Axis, Anterior (45 degrees) Axis and Posterior (135 degrees) Axis. The first two classes occurred in both monocular and binocular forms; the third class was encountered only in binocular form. For the binocular response forms, stimulation through one eye, called the dominant eye, elicited a stronger modulation of the complex spike firing rate than did stimulation of the other eye. The approximate orientation of that axis about which full-field rotation elicited the deepest modulation (the preferred axis) when presented to the dominant eye served as the class label. These classes are the same as those determined qualitatively for inferior olive neurons in the previous paper (47). The present study provides a quantitative description of their spatial tuning. 3. For Vertical Axis cells, the dominant eye was ipsilateral with respect to the flocculus recording site. The preferred axis was vertical and null (no-response) axes were in the horizontal plane. For the binocular response form of Vertical Axis cells (less than 10% of this class), the direction preferences for the two eyes were synergistic with respect to rotation about the vertical axis. 4. The dominant eye for the Anterior (45 degrees) Axis cells was contralateral, with the preferred axis oriented in the horizontal plane at approximately 45 degrees contralateral azimuth. The modulation depth showed a close to cosine relation with the angle between the preferred axis and the stimulus rotation axis. The average orientation (n = 10) for the dominant eye preferred axis, determined by the best-fit sinusoid, was 47 degrees contralateral azimuth. The preferred axis orientation for the ipsilateral (nondominant) eye in the binocular response forms was between 45 and 90 degrees azimuth in the horizontal plane. A null axis for each eye was at approximately 90 degrees to the preferred axis. 5. The Posterior (135 degrees) Axis cells were encountered only in binocular response forms. The dominant eye was ipsilateral, with the preferred axis oriented at approximately 135 degrees ipsilateral azimuth close to the horizontal plane. The modulation depth showed a close to cosine relation with the angle between the preferred axis and the stimulus rotation axis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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