Blood flow distribution to the respiratory muscles – physiology versus statistics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Gabe Beltrami
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Blood Flow Distribution

scholarly journals Competition for blood flow distribution between respiratory and locomotor muscles: implications for muscle fatigue

2018 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 820-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. William Sheel ◽  
Robert Boushel ◽  
Jerome A. Dempsey
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Fatigue ◽  
Respiratory Muscle ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Muscle Afferents ◽  
Afferent Feedback ◽  
Blood Flow Distribution ◽  
Arterial Blood

Sympathetically induced vasoconstrictor modulation of local vasodilation occurs in contracting skeletal muscle during exercise to ensure appropriate perfusion of a large active muscle mass and to maintain also arterial blood pressure. In this synthesis, we discuss the contribution of group III-IV muscle afferents to the sympathetic modulation of blood flow distribution to locomotor and respiratory muscles during exercise. This is followed by an examination of the conditions under which diaphragm and locomotor muscle fatigue occur. Emphasis is given to those studies in humans and animal models that experimentally changed respiratory muscle work to evaluate blood flow redistribution and its effects on locomotor muscle fatigue, and conversely, those that evaluated the influence of coincident limb muscle contraction on respiratory muscle blood flow and fatigue. We propose the concept of a “two-way street of sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity” emanating from both limb and respiratory muscle metaboreceptors during exercise, which constrains blood flow and O2 transport thereby promoting fatigue of both sets of muscles. We end with considerations of a hierarchy of blood flow distribution during exercise between respiratory versus locomotor musculatures and the clinical implications of muscle afferent feedback influences on muscle perfusion, fatigue, and exercise tolerance.

Cardiac Output And Blood Flow Distribution During Swimming and Voluntary Diving of the Tufted Duck (AYthya FUligula)

1992 ◽  
Vol 168 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. BEVAN ◽  
P. J. BUTLER
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Blood Flow Distribution ◽  
Peripheral Vasoconstriction ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Tufted Duck ◽  
Brachiocephalic Arteries

Cardiac output (Vb) and blood flow distribution were continuously measured in the tufted duck when diving voluntarily. Blood flows through pulmonary, ischiadic, carotid and brachiocephalic arteries were recorded using miniature pulsed Doppler flow probes. By measuring these flows, cardiac output and blood flow to the leg muscles and to the flight muscles could be calculated. Heart rate and Vb were well correlated, making the former a very good indicator of any changes in the latter. Blood flow to the leg muscles increased substantially during both swimming and diving to five times the resting rate. Cardiac output, though, was lower during the later portions of a dive than it was during swimming. A consequence of this lower Vb was that the proportion of Vb supplying the leg muscles was much greater during diving than it was whilst the duck was swimming. This indicates that more extensive peripheral vasoconstriction was occurring during diving. The blood flow to the wing muscles during diving was found to be significantly lower than that at rest but there was no net change in blood flow through the brachiocephalic arteries as the blood flow to the head increased. Peripheral vasoconstriction must, therefore, have been occurring in other parts of the body during diving, possibly within the vascular beds supplying the gastrointestinal tract, the skin and the respiratory muscles. This study supports the prediction that voluntary diving in tufted ducks is a compromise between the physiological response to involuntary submergence and that to exercise in air, but with the bias towards the latter.

Blood flow distribution within the rib cage muscles

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 2559-2565 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Brancatisano ◽  
T. C. Amis ◽  
A. Tully ◽  
L. A. Engel
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Spontaneous Breathing ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Blood Flow Distribution ◽  
Ps Ii ◽  
Rib Cage ◽  
Resistive Loading ◽  
Loaded Breathing

We used 15-microns radiolabeled microspheres to study the regional distribution of blood flow (Q) among parasternal (PS), transversus thoracis, and external (EI) and internal intercostal muscles (II) in nine anesthetized supine mongrel dogs. We measured Q (ml.min-1.100 g-1) in each intercostal space (ICS) during spontaneous breathing, inspiratory resistive loading, and mechanical ventilation following paralysis. At necropsy the EI, II, and PS were excised and sampled separately for each ICS. During paralysis there was no consistent gradient in Q among the PS, II, and EI muscles. During spontaneous breathing, Q to PS increased linearly by 125% between the first and fourth to sixth ICS, Q to EI decreased progressively from the first/second ICS to the fifth/sixth ICS, whereas Q to the II was uniform. During inspiratory resistive loading, in which mouth pressures of -16 +/- 4 cmH2O were generated, the PS gradient was similar to that during spontaneous breathing. Also, Q to the EI increased in the cranial interspaces (P less than 0.02), whereas Q to the II of the seventh/eighth ICS was greater than that of the first/second ICS (P less than 0.001). Furthermore, with loading, ventrodorsal gradients in Q appeared within both EI and II interspaces. There was no consistent gradient in Q within the transversus thoracis muscle during any of the interventions. Our results demonstrate nonuniform Q within PS, EI, and II during both spontaneous and inspiratory resistive loaded breathing. On the assumption that changes in Q reflect changes in activation, our results suggest systematic topographical patterns of recruitment of rib cage respiratory muscles.

Numerical Analysis of the VAD Outflow Cannula Positioning on the Blood Flow in the Patient–Specific Brain Supplying Arteries

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 619-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Tyfa ◽  
Damian Obidowski ◽  
Krzysztof Jóźwik
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Volume Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Blood Flow Distribution ◽  
Reconstruction Process ◽  
Outflow Cannula ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe primary objective of this research can be divided into two separate aspects. The first one was to verify whether own software can be treated as a viable source of data for the Computer Aided Design (CAD) modelling and Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD analysis. The second aspect was to analyze the influence of the Ventricle Assist Device (VAD) outflow cannula positioning on the blood flow distribution in the brain-supplying arteries. Patient-specific model was reconstructed basing on the DICOM image sets obtained with the angiographic Computed Tomography. The reconstruction process was performed in the custom-created software, whereas the outflow cannulas were added in the SolidWorks software. Volumetric meshes were generated in the Ansys Mesher module. The transient boundary conditions enabled simulating several full cardiac cycles. Performed investigations focused mainly on volume flow rate, shear stress and velocity distribution. It was proven that custom-created software enhances the processes of the anatomical objects reconstruction. Developed geometrical files are compatible with CAD and CFD software – they can be easily manipulated and modified. Concerning the numerical simulations, several cases with varied positioning of the VAD outflow cannula were analyzed. Obtained results revealed that the location of the VAD outflow cannula has a slight impact on the blood flow distribution among the brain supplying arteries.

Mechanisms of improvement in pulmonary gas exchange during isovolemic hemodilution

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Deem ◽  
Richard G. Hedges ◽  
Steven McKinney ◽  
Nayak L. Polissar ◽  
Michael K. Alberts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Spatial Correlation ◽  
Pulmonary Blood Flow ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Pulmonary Gas Exchange ◽  
Normal Lung ◽  
Blood Flow Distribution

Severe anemia is associated with remarkable stability of pulmonary gas exchange (S. Deem, M. K. Alberts, M. J. Bishop, A. Bidani, and E. R. Swenson. J. Appl. Physiol. 83: 240–246, 1997), although the factors that contribute to this stability have not been studied in detail. In the present study, 10 Flemish Giant rabbits were anesthetized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated at a fixed minute ventilation. Serial hemodilution was performed in five rabbits by simultaneous withdrawal of blood and infusion of an equal volume of 6% hetastarch; five rabbits were followed over a comparable time. Ventilation-perfusion (V˙a/Q˙) relationships were studied by using the multiple inert-gas-elimination technique, and pulmonary blood flow distribution was assessed by using fluorescent microspheres. Expired nitric oxide (NO) was measured by chemiluminescence. Hemodilution resulted in a linear fall in hematocrit over time, from 30 ± 1.6 to 11 ± 1%. Anemia was associated with an increase in arterial [Formula: see text] in comparison with controls ( P < 0.01 between groups). The improvement in O2 exchange was associated with reducedV˙a/Q˙heterogeneity, a reduction in the fractal dimension of pulmonary blood flow ( P = 0.04), and a relative increase in the spatial correlation of pulmonary blood flow ( P = 0.04). Expired NO increased with anemia, whereas it remained stable in control animals ( P < 0.0001 between groups). Anemia results in improved gas exchange in the normal lung as a result of an improvement in overallV˙a/Q˙matching. In turn, this may be a result of favorable changes in pulmonary blood flow distribution, as assessed by the fractal dimension and spatial correlation of blood flow and as a result of increased NO availability.

Pulmonary blood flow distribution after the total cavopulmonary connection for complex cardiac anomalies

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masao Tayama ◽  
Nobuaki Hirata ◽  
Tohru Matsushita ◽  
Tetsuya Sano ◽  
Norihide Fukushima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Pulmonary Blood Flow ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Total Cavopulmonary Connection ◽  
Blood Flow Distribution ◽  
Cardiac Anomalies ◽  
Cavopulmonary Connection
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