ESTERIFICATION OF RENEWABLE LEVULINIC ACID TO LEVULINATE ESTERS USING AMBERLYST-15 AS A SOLID ACID CATALYST

2016 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Aainaa Syahirah Ramli ◽  
Nur Hidayah Zaharudin ◽  
Nor Aishah Saidina Amin
Keyword(s):  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Amberlyst 15 ◽  
Methyl Levulinate ◽  
Exchange Resins

Levulinic acid (LA) is a versatile biomass-derived building block as it can be used for the synthesis of organic chemicals as alternative to the depleting fossil fuel resources. Levulinate esters, obtained from catalytic esterification of LA with alcohol, can be used in many applications such as fragrance and fuel additives. In this study, ion-exchange resins Amberlyst-15 was employed as solid acid catalyst for esterification of LA with methanol for methyl levulinate (ML) production. The effect of reaction time, catalyst loading, and molar ratio of LA to methanol, was investigated on LA esterification to ML at the reflux condition. The optimum ML yield of 82% was obtained from reaction conducted at reflux temperature for 5h, using 30% of Amberlyst-15 loading, and 1:20 of LA to methanol molar ratio. The reusability of Amberlyst-15 for ML production was examined for five successive reactions. In addition, Amberlyst-15 catalyst, employed in the esterification of LA with ethanol and 1-butanol for ethyl levulinate (EL) and butyl levulinate (BL), respectively, registered good performance. Yields of 71% and 55% have been obtained for EL and BL, respectively. Amberlyst-15 is a promising solid acid catalyst for production of biomass derived levulinate esters at mild process conditions. 

scholarly journals The Effect of Co-solvent on Esterification of Oleic Acid Using Amberlyst 15 as Solid Acid Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 156 ◽  
pp. 03002
Author(s):  
Iwan Ridwan ◽  
Mukhtar Ghazali ◽  
Adi Kusmayadi ◽  
Resza Diwansyah Putra ◽  
Nina Marlina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Amberlyst 15 ◽  
Acid Esterification

The oleic acid solubility in methanol is low due to two phase separation, and this causes a slow reaction time in biodiesel production. Tetrahydrofuran as co-solvent can decrease the interfacial surface tension between methanol and oleic acid. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of co-solvent, methanol to oleic acid molar ratio, catalyst amount, and temperature of the reaction to the free fatty acid conversion. Oleic acid esterification was conducted by mixing oleic acid, methanol, tetrahydrofuran and Amberlyst 15 as a solid acid catalyst in a batch reactor. The Amberlyst 15 used had an exchange capacity of 2.57 meq/g. Significant free fatty acid conversion increments occur on biodiesel production using co-solvent compared without co-solvent. The highest free fatty acid conversion was obtained over methanol to the oleic acid molar ratio of 25:1, catalyst use of 10%, the co-solvent concentration of 8%, and a reaction temperature of 60°C. The highest FFA conversion was found at 28.6 %, and the steady state was reached after 60 minutes. In addition, the use of Amberlyst 15 oleic acid esterification shows an excellent performance as a solid acid catalyst. Catalytic activity was maintained after 4 times repeated use and reduced slightly in the fifth use.

Optimal Process Conditions for Levulinic Acid Synthesis from Glucose Using ZSM-5 Supported SO42-/ZrO2 Catalysts

2012 ◽  
Vol 538-541 ◽  
pp. 2256-2259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Ping Zhuang ◽  
Xue Ping Li ◽  
Ying Liu
Keyword(s):  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Optimal Process ◽  
Acid Yield ◽  
Platform Chemical

Levulinic acid has been identified as a promising green, biomass derived platform chemical. Since the availability of fossil resources diminishes, the conversion of carbohydrates to Levulinic acid has become increasingly important. ZSM-5 supported SO42-/ZrO2 solid acid catalyst have been applied for the dehydration of glucose to Levulinic acid. With ZSM-5 supported SO42-/ZrO2 solid acid as the catalyst, an optimized Levulinic acid yield was obtained at 180 °C for 2.5 h with 3 g ZSM-5 supported SO42-/ZrO2 catalyst solid acid catalys and the highest Levulinic acid yield was 55.035%.

Preparation of Biscuit-Like SO2−4/ZrO2 Catalyst for Alkylation of o-Xylene with Styrene

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 3496-3503
Author(s):  
Shuang Wang ◽  
Ling Wan ◽  
Leizhi Zheng ◽  
Xiaoqi Fu ◽  
Tingshun Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Combustion Method ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Solid Superacid

We present here a facile synthesis of SO2-4/ZrO2 solid superacid by impregnating the biscuit-like mesoporous ZrO2 nanoparticles prepared by an emulsion combustion method directly into H2SO4 solution. The obtained solid acid catalyst was characterized by means of X-ray powder diffraction, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, Brunner-Emmet-Teller measurement, and infrared analysis. Its catalytic performance was examined by alkylation of o-xylene with styrene. The optimal catalytic formulation, obtained from the investigation of experimental conditions, was determined to be 5 wt% of catalyst loading with initial o-xylene/styrene molar ratio of 5 under reaction temperature at 120 °C for 120 min, achieving a 100% styrene conversion and a 93.3% 1-phenyl-1-xylyl ethane selectivity. The biscuit-like SO2−4/ZrO2 solid acid exhibited high catalytic activity and selectivity and excellent structural stability. This synthetic strategy for preparing the mesoporous SO2−4 promoted ZrO2 solid superacid catalyst is generalized and expected to be applied to other metal oxides.

scholarly journals A Porous Polymer-Based Solid Acid Catalyst with Excellent Amphiphilicity: An Active and Environmentally Friendly Catalyst for the Hydration of Alkynes

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2091 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yizhu Lei ◽  
Maomin Zhang ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Yu Xia ◽  
Guojun Leng
Keyword(s):  
Solid Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Porous Polymer ◽  
Sustainable Chemistry ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Exchange Method ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Amberlyst 15 ◽  
Surface Areas

Developing efficient solid acid catalysts for aqueous organic reactions is of great importance for the development of sustainable chemistry. In this work, a porous polymeric acid catalyst was synthesized via a solvothermal copolymerization and a successive ion-exchange method. Physicochemical characterizations suggested that the prepared polymers possessed large Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas, a hierarchically porous structure, excellent surface amphiphilicity, and nice swelling properties. Notably, an activity test in phenylacetylene hydration indicated that the prepared solid acid exhibited high catalytic activity in water, which outperformed commercial amberlyst-15, sulfuric acid, and benzenesulfonic acid. Moreover, the prepared solid acid can be easily recovered and reused at least four times. Additionally, a variety of aromatic and aliphatic alkynes could be effectively transformed into corresponding ketones under optimal reaction conditions.

scholarly journals Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using S–TiO2/SBA-15 Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hossain ◽  
Md Siddik Bhuyan ◽  
Abul Md Ashraful Alam ◽  
Yong Seo
Keyword(s):  
Solid Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Esterification Reaction ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst

The aim of this research was to synthesize, characterize, and apply a heterogeneous acid catalyst to optimum biodiesel production from hydrolyzed waste cooking oil via an esterification reaction, to meet society’s future demands. The solid acid catalyst S–TiO2/SBA-15 was synthesized by a direct wet impregnation method. The prepared catalyst was evaluated using analytical techniques, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The statistical analysis of variance (ANOVA) was studied to validate the experimental results. The catalytic effect on biodiesel production was examined by varying the parameters as follows: temperatures of 160 to 220 °C, 20–35 min reaction time, methanol-to-oil mole ratio between 5:1 and 20:1, and catalyst loading of 0.5%–1.25%. The maximum biodiesel yield was 94.96 ± 0.12% obtained under the optimum reaction conditions of 200 °C, 30 min, and 1:15 oil to methanol molar ratio with 1.0% catalyst loading. The catalyst was reused successfully three times with 90% efficiency without regeneration. The fuel properties of the produced biodiesel were found to be within the limits set by the specifications of the biodiesel standard. This solid acid catalytic method can replace the conventional homogeneous catalyzed transesterification of waste cooking oil for biodiesel production.

Polystyrene-based superacidic solid acid catalyst: synthesis and its application in biodiesel production

RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (88) ◽  
pp. 47448-47454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Chang ◽  
Chohee Lee ◽  
Chulsung Bae
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Catalyst Synthesis ◽  
Low Catalyst Loading

A novel polystyrene-based superacidic solid acid catalyst was developed. It showed high efficiency for biodiesel production with low catalyst loading and excellent recyclability.

Synthesis of hexyl levulinate as a potential fuel additive from levulinic acid over a solid acid catalyst

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 103420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahsasadat Mortazavi Tabrizi ◽  
Alireza Najafi Chermahini ◽  
Zahra Mohammadbagheri
Keyword(s):  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Fuel Additive

Production of Levulinic Acid from Cellulose Catalyzed by Environmental-Friendly Catalyst

2010 ◽  
Vol 96 ◽  
pp. 183-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan Wang ◽  
Si Hui Zhan ◽  
Hong Bing Yu
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Solid Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Acid Yield ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Sulfated Tio2 ◽  
Catalyst Dosage

Using solid acid catalyst for the levulinic acid (LA) production from cellulose is one of the promising methods for utilization of biomass. An environmentally friendly solid acid catalyst, sulfated TiO2 was prepared by precipitation-impregnation method and used to catalyze the production of levulinic acid from cellulose. The concentration of sulphuric acid had a remarkable influence on the construction and catalytic activity of sulfated TiO2. The influence of reaction temperature and catalyst dosage on levulinic acid yield was also investigated with the aim to obtain the highest yield of LA. The optimum condition for the highest yield of levulinic acid (27.2%) was achieved at 240 °C, 0.7g of sulfated TiO2 and reaction time of 15 min. The recycling test indicated that the catalytic activity of the catalyst had a slight decrease after being used two times.

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