GRANULAR-ACTIVATED CARBON FROM MUKAH COAL USING CARBON DIOXIDE ACTIVATION

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farid Nasir Ani ◽  
Muhammad Mat Junoh ◽  
Zarina Ab Muis
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Average Pore Diameter ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
One Step

A study was conducted on Mukah coal using fixed bed reactor and one step activation with varying resident time and temperatures. CO2 gas was used for the activation process. The one-step continuous process comprised of carbonization and activation processes. The burn off analysis for 80 grams of Mukah coal was done to obtain volatiles removal at various carbonization temperatures. The results obtained showed that at 900oC, the percentages of burn off and the remaining weight were 42.2% and 57.8% respectively. Micrometrics ASAP2010 was used to analyze Mukah coal activated carbon in obtaining the BET surface area, the micropore area, and the average pore diameter. The results obtained indicated that activation at 900oC gave the highest BET surface area with 675m2/g, while the highest micropore area with 427 m2/g was obtained at 800oC. In addition, the average pore diameter range was within 18.5 to 26.4 A. 

scholarly journals Development of Activated Carbon Using One Step Carbonization and Activation Reaction by Polymer Blend Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 156-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Manocha ◽  
Parth Joshi ◽  
Amit Brahmbhatt ◽  
Amiya Banerjee ◽  
Snehasis Sahoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Activation Temperature ◽  
Optimum Synthesis ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
One Step

In the present work, a one step carbon activation process was developed by stabilized poly-blend. It is carbonized in nitrogen atmosphere and activated in steam in one step for known interval of times to enhance the surface area and develop interconnected porosity. The weight-loss behavior during steam activation of stabilized poly-blend at different temperatures, surface area and pore size distribution were studied to identify the optimum synthesis parameters. The results of surface characteristics were compared with those of activated carbon prepared by carbonization and activation in two steps. It was found that activation temperature has profound effect on surface characteristics. As activation temperature was raised from 800 °C to 1150 °C, surface area of activated carbon increased about three times. In addition to surface area, average pore diameter also increases with increasing activation temperature. Thus, activated carbon with high percentage of porosity and surface area can be developed by controlling the activation temperature during activation process.

Experimental Research on the Preparation of Porous Activated Carbon from Orange Wastes

2009 ◽  
Vol 79-82 ◽  
pp. 1907-1910
Author(s):  
Zhi Gang Xie
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Pore Volume ◽  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Carbonization Temperature ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Impregnation Ratio ◽  
Heat Preservation

Porous activated carbon was prepared from orange wastes using zinc chloride as an activating agent by one-step carbonization method. Effects of impregnation ratio, carbonization temperature and heat preservation time on pore characteristics of activated carbon were studied. The porous structures of the orange wastes activated carbon were investigated by BET, D-R equations, BJH equations and Kelvin theory. The morphology was observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mesoporous activated carbon is gained when the impregnation ratio is 3:1; the carbonization temperature is 550°Cand heat preservation time is 1.0 h. The activated carbon has total pore volume 2.098 cm3/g, mesoporous pore volume 1.438 cm3/g, with a high BET surface area 1476m2/g. The pore distribution of the mesoporous activated carbon is very concentrative, with average pore diameter of 3.88nm. While, the high specific surface area activated carbon is gained when the impregnation ratio is 2:1; the carbonization temperature is 550°Cand heat preservation time is 1.0 h. The activated carbon has high BET surface area 1909 m2/g, while the total pore volume is only 1.448cm3/g and microporous pore volume is 0.889cm3/g, with average pore diameter of 2.29 nm.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanorods/Nanoparticles TiO2 for Photocatalytic Activity and Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Applications

2006 ◽  
Vol 951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorapong Pavasupree ◽  
Supachai Ngamsinlapasathian ◽  
Yoshikazu Suzuki ◽  
Susumu Yoshikawa
Keyword(s):  
Photocatalytic Activity ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Mesoporous Structure ◽  
Energy Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Dye Sensitized ◽  
Prepared Material ◽  
20 Nm

ABSTRACTNanorods/nanoparticles TiO2 with mesoporous structure were synthesized by hydrothermal method at 150 °C for 20 h. The samples characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, SAED, HRTEM, and BET surface area. The nanorods had diameter about 10-20 nm and the lengths of 100-200 nm, the nanoparticles had diameter about 5-10 nm. The prepared material had average pore diameter about 7-12 nm. The BET surface area and pore volume of the sample are about 203 m2/g and 0.655 cm3/g, respectively. The nanorods/nanoparticles TiO2 with mesoporous structure showed higher photocatalytic activity (I3− concentration) than the nanorods TiO2, nanofibers TiO2, mesoporous TiO2, and commercial TiO2 (ST-01, P-25, JRC-01, and JRC-03). The solar energy conversion efficiency (η) of the cell using nanorods/nanoparticles TiO2 with mesoporous structure was about 7.12 % with Jsc of 13.97 mA/cm2, Voc of 0.73 V and ff of 0.70; while η of the cell using P-25 reached 5.82 % with Jsc of 12.74 mA/cm2, Voc of 0.704 V and ff of 0.649.

scholarly journals Waste phenolic resin derived activated carbon by microwave-assisted KOH activation and application to dye wastewater treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 408-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhai Hu ◽  
Song Cheng ◽  
Hongying Xia ◽  
Libo Zhang ◽  
Xin Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Adsorption Isotherms ◽  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Koh Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Dye Wastewater

Abstract The waste phenolic resin was utilized as the raw material to prepare activated carbon (AC) used KOH as the activating agent via microwave heating. The phenolic resin was carbonized at 500°C and then performed with a KOH/Char ratio of 4 and microwave power of 700 W for a duration of 15 min. The physic-chemical characteristics of the AC were characterized by N2 adsorption instrument, FTIR, SEM and TEM. The BET surface area and pore volume of AC were found to be 4269 m2/g and 2.396 ml/g, respectively. The activation process to generate such a phenomenally high surface area of the AC has little reported in open literatures and could pave way for preparation adsorbents that are far superior to the currently marketed adsorbents. The methylene blue (MB) was used as the model to assess its suitability to dye wastewater treatment. Towards this, the MB adsorption isotherms were conducted at three different temperatures and tested with different adsorption isotherm models. The adsorption isotherms could be modeled using Langmuir isotherm. While the kinetics could be used the pseudo-second order kinetics to describe. Thermodynamic results demonstrated that the adsorption process was a spontaneous, as well as an endothermic.

scholarly journals Optimizing the route for production of activated carbon from Casuarina equisetifolia fruit waste

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. 171578 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Ravichandran ◽  
P. Sugumaran ◽  
S. Seshadri ◽  
Altaf H. Basta
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Casuarina Equisetifolia ◽  
Adsorption Performance ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Fruit Waste ◽  
American Water Work Association ◽  
One Step

This work deals with optimizing the conditions of pyrolysis and type of activator to upgrade the use of Casuarina equisetifolia fruit waste (CFW) as available and a potential precursor, in production of activated carbon (AC). In this respect, the route of activation was carried out through one- and two-step pyrolysis processes, using different chemical activating agents, such as H 3 PO 4 , KOH and ZnCl 2 . The performance of the CFW-based ACs is assessed by estimating the physico-chemical characteristics (pH, electrical conductivity, bulk density and hardness), surface morphology and scanning electron microscopy, together with carbon yield, surface area and adsorption performance of pollutants in aqueous medium (methylene blue, iodine and molasses colour removal efficiencies). The results show that the two-step activation process was more effective than one-step activation for providing high adsorption performance CFW-based ACs. The maximum Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area 547.89 m 2  g −1 was produced by using H 3 PO 4 activating agents, and applied two-step pyrolysis. According to the American Water Work Association and based on bulk density of the investigated ACs, we recommend that most of produced ACs are suitable for treating waste water.

scholarly journals Study of activated carbon characteristic from ketaping fruit shell (Terminalia Catappa) as supercapasitors electrode

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Rahma Joni ◽  
Syukri Syukri ◽  
Hermansyah Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Total Pore Volume ◽  
Amorphous Structure ◽  
Koh Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Average Pore Radius ◽  
Terminalia Catappa

Studi karakteristik karbon aktif dari cangkang buah ketaping (Terminalia Catappa) sebagai elektroda superkapasitor telah diteliti. Karbon aktif dari cangkang buah ketaping (CBK) disiapkan dengan proses karbonisasi pada suhu 400oC dan Proses aktivasi KOH pada suhu 800oC di bawah aliran gas N2. Karbon aktif CBK memiliki kandungan karbon dengan massa atomik sebesar 97,52%. Karbon aktif CBK memiliki struktur amorf dengan dua buah puncak yang lebar pada sudut 2θ yaitu 24,93o dan 42,93o yang bersesuaian dengan bidang (002) dan (100). Karbon aktif CBK yang dihasilkan memiliki pola serapan dengan jenis ikatan OH, C-H, C=O, dan C=C. Adanya ikatan OH dan C=O menunjukkan bahwa arang aktif yang dihasilkan cenderung bersifat lebih polar. Morfologi permukaan karbon aktif CBK menunjukan distribusi ukuran pori yang merata dan luas permukaan yang besar. Luas permukaan spesifik karbon aktif dari CBK adalah 799,892 m2×g-1 dengan volume total pori 0,080 cm3×g-1 dan jari-jari pori rata-rata 1,9072 nm. Kapasitansi spesifik dari karbon aktif dari CBK adalah sebesar 125,446 F×g-1. Studies on the characteristics of activated carbon from ketaping fruit shells (Terminalia Catappa) as supercapacitor electrodes have been studied. Activated carbon from ketaping fruit shells (KFS) prepared by carbonization process at 400oC and the KOH activation process is carried out at 800oC under N2 gas flow. Activated carbon KFS has a carbon content with 97.52% of atomic mass. Activated carbon KFS has an amorphous structure with two wide peaks at an angle of 2θ 24.93ᵒ and 42.93ᵒ corresponding to the plane (002) and (100). Activated carbon KFS produced has an absorption pattern with OH, C-H, C = O, and C = C bond types. The presence of OH and C = O bonds indicates that the activated charcoal produced tends to be more polar. The surface morphology of activated carbon KFS shows an even distribution of pore size and large surface area. The specific surface area of activated carbon KFS is 799.892 m2×g-1 with a total pore volume 0.080 cm3×g-1 and an average pore radius of 1.9072 nm. The specific capacitance value of activated carbon KFS is 125.444 F×g-1.Keywords: Ketaping, Activated Carbon, Supercapacitor, Activator, Capacitance. 

scholarly journals Preparation of Alpinia galangaStem Based Activated Carbon via Single-step Microwave Irradiation for Cationic Dye Removal

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (8) ◽  
pp. 2251-2269
Author(s):  
N.A. Ahammad ◽  
M.F.M. Yusop ◽  
A.T. Mohd Din ◽  
M.A. Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Microwave Irradiation ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Dye Removal ◽  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Radiation Power ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Cationic Dye

The focal point of this study is to synthesis Alpinia galanga Stem-based activated carbon (AGSAC) by using single-step microwave irradiation and testing it for the removal of cationic dye, methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. AGSAC was prepared under the flow of carbon dioxide (CO2) for the gasification effect. The factors of contact time (from 0 to 24 h) and initial concentration (25-300 mg/L) on the adsorption performance of AGSAC were studied. With the aid of response surface methodology (RSM) via face-centered composite design (FCD), optimum preparation conditions for AGSAC were found to be 400 W for radiation power and 4 min for activation time, respectively, which resulted in 95.67% of MB dye removal. The optimized AGSAC has a Bruneaur-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area of 172.19 m2/g, mesopore surface area of 103.32 m2/g, a total pore volume of 0.1077 cm3/g, and fixed carbon content of 47.63%. The pore diameter of AGSAC was found to be a mesoporous type with a pore diameter of 2.50 nm. Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order were found as the best-fitted model for MB adsorption equilibrium and kinetic respectively onto prepared AGSAC. Intraparticle diffusion was found to be the rate-limiting step.

scholarly journals Activated Carbon Produced by Pyrolysis of Waste Wood and Straw for Potential Wastewater Adsorption

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 2047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Januszewicz ◽  
Paweł Kazimierski ◽  
Maciej Klein ◽  
Dariusz Kardaś ◽  
Justyna Łuczak
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Physical Activation ◽  
Activation Process ◽  
Waste Wood ◽  
Carbon Production

Pyrolysis of straw pellets and wood strips was performed in a fixed bed reactor. The chars, solid products of thermal degradation, were used as potential materials for activated carbon production. Chemical and physical activation processes were used to compare properties of the products. The chemical activation agent KOH was chosen and the physical activation was conducted with steam and carbon dioxide as oxidising gases. The effect of the activation process on the surface area, pore volume, structure and composition of the biochar was examined. The samples with the highest surface area (1349.6 and 1194.4 m2/g for straw and wood activated carbons, respectively) were obtained when the chemical activation with KOH solution was applied. The sample with the highest surface area was used as an adsorbent for model wastewater contamination removal.

Effect of MgO Addition on the Properties of Ni/Al2O3 and Its Catalytic Activity in Hydrogenation of N-(2`,3`-dimethoxy benzyl)-3,4-dioxy-methylene-phenylethylamine

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 796-796
Author(s):  
Guosheng Wang Guosheng Wang ◽  
Xinxin Zhao and Siyu Han Xinxin Zhao and Siyu Han
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Supported Catalysts ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Secondary Reactions ◽  
Al2o3 Support ◽  
Raney Ni

the nickel based alumina-supported catalysts modified or promoted by magnesia were prepared by wet impregnation and successfully used for hydrogenation of N-(2`,3`-dimethoxy benzyl)-3,4-dioxy-methylene-phenylethylamine, the 20Ni-6MgO/74Al2O3 samples exhibits the highest BET surface area, the largest pore volume, and the largest pore diameter in all of the samples such as Ni/Al2O3 and 20Ni-xMgO(80-x)Al2O3 excepted the highest BET surface area of Ni/Al2O3. the average pore diameter of the 20Ni-6MgO/74Al2O3 samples were two times as large as Ni/Al2O3, it was indicated that the function of expanding role or the mesoporosity was increased by addition of MgO, and MgO might be regarded as pore-enlarge agent for the bare Al2O3 support and benefit for the transport of large molecules reactants and products The weak formation of MgO-Al2O3 and MgO-NiO solid solution as a result of competing interaction of MgO with Al2O3 support and NiO precursors restrained the strong interaction of NiO species with Al2O3 support, which favored the dispersion of active Ni centers and improved the reducible degree of NiO species on the surface of the catalysts. The improvement of basicity or the decrease in the number of acid centers in the catalysts avoid the secondary reactions, and subsequently resulted in high catalytic activity. The utilization of meso-porous 20Ni-6MgO/74Al2O3 for catalytic hydrogenation of N-(2`,3`-dimethoxy benzyl)-3,4-dioxy-methylene-phenylethylamine(Shiff’s base) with the highest selectivity of 99.70% and yields of 94.36% implied that the instead of Raney Ni was feasible.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF PORE FRACTAL CHARACTERISTICS BETWEEN MARINE AND CONTINENTAL SHALES

Fractals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (02) ◽  
pp. 1840016 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUN LIU ◽  
YANBIN YAO ◽  
DAMENG LIU ◽  
YIDONG CAI ◽  
JIANCHAO CAI
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Pore Diameter ◽  
Fractal Dimensions ◽  
Average Pore Diameter ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Dimension Formula ◽  
Marine Shale

Fractal characterization offers a quantitative evaluation on the heterogeneity of pore structure which greatly affects gas adsorption and transportation in shales. To compare the fractal characteristics between marine and continental shales, nine samples from the Lower Silurian Longmaxi formation in the Sichuan basin and nine from the Middle Jurassic Dameigou formation in the Qaidam basin were collected. Reservoir properties and fractal dimensions were characterized for all the collected samples. In this study, fractal dimensions were originated from the Frenkel–Halsey–Hill (FHH) model with N[Formula: see text] adsorption data. Compared to continental shale, marine shale has greater values of quartz content, porosity, specific surface area and total pore volume but lower level of clay minerals content, permeability, average pore diameter and methane adsorption capacity. The quartz in marine shale is mostly associated with biogenic origin, while that in continental shale is mainly due to terrigenous debris. The N[Formula: see text] adsorption–desorption isotherms exhibit that marine shale has fewer inkbottle-shaped pores but more plate-like and slit-shaped pores than continental shale. Two fractal dimensions ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were obtained at [Formula: see text] of 0–0.5 and 0.5–1. The dimension [Formula: see text] is commonly greater than [Formula: see text], suggesting that larger pores (diameter [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]nm) have more complex structures than small pores (diameter [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]nm). The fractal dimensions (both [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) positively correlate to clay minerals content, specific surface area and methane adsorption capacity, but have negative relationships with porosity, permeability and average pore diameter. The fractal dimensions increase proportionally with the increasing quartz content in marine shale but have no obvious correlation with that in continental shale. The dimension [Formula: see text] is correlative to the TOC content and permeability of marine shale at a similar degree with dimension [Formula: see text], while the dimension [Formula: see text] is more sensitive to those of continental shale than dimension [Formula: see text]. Compared with dimension [Formula: see text], for two shales, dimension [Formula: see text] is better associated with the content of clay minerals but has worse correlations with the specific surface area and average pore diameter.

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