Drivers' Perceptions of Unsafe Driving Behaviors and Their Countermeasures: A Study in Saudi Arabia

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanweer Hasan ◽  
Ishtiaque Ahmed ◽  
Hamid O. Al-Bar
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Red Light ◽  
The United States ◽  
Aggressive Driving ◽  
Road Rage ◽  
Driving Behaviors ◽  
Wide Range

There is an increased public concern about the role of aggressive driving and "road rage" in crashes and traffic fatalities. There is no general agreement as to what constitutes aggressive driving. Consequently, the objective of the study was to survey of the perceptions on the specific unsafe driving acts. Perceptions and beliefs of drivers about unsafe and aggressive driving actions and their countermeasures are presented in this paper. The study primarily looked at the wide range of driver attitudes about speeding and other forms of unsafe driving behavior. The study was conducted in Jeddah, the second largest city of Saudi Arabia by interviewing a sample of 300 drivers. The results indicated that the drivers, in general, prefer to drive at higher speeds and could be considered as more aggressive compared to the drivers in the United States. The most dangerous reported driving act was "drive thru red light", followed by "racing another driver". Only 23% of the drivers thought that it was dangerous to drive over 30 km of the legal speed limits. The most often seen unsafe driving action was "speeding (70%), followed by "driving too closely (57%), "failing to use turn signals (53%), "drive inattentively (50%)", and "running red lights (43%)". The main causes of unsafe driving behaviors were "being in a hurry/time pressure (66%)", "aggressive behavior of others (52%)", and "refusing traffic rules (51%)". The countermeasure that was viewed to be the most effective in reducing unsafe driving behaviors was assigning more traffic police officers (66%). The study revealed that, more than half the drivers believed that more frequent ticketing (60%), doubling or tripling fines (54%), and doubling the length of imprisonment (53%) would be effective in reducing unsafe driving behaviors.

Aortic Valve Sinus Vorticity Dynamics and the Potential Role of Coronary Flow

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon L. Moore ◽  
Lakshmi P. Dasi
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Valve ◽  
Coronary Flow ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Calcific Aortic Valve Disease ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vorticity Dynamics ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Fluid Wall Shear Stress

Calcific aortic valve disease affects a wide range of the population in the United States. Each year there are approximately 50,000 valve replacements due to this disease [(Freeman & Otto, 2005)]. While it is unclear what the exact causes of CAVD are, it does appear to be correlated to local hemodynamic conditions particularly related to the complex spatio-temporal nature of fluid wall shear stress dynamics that the aortic side of the leaflets experience.

Assessment in American Higher Education: The Role of Admissions Tests

2019 ◽  
Vol 683 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Zwick
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
College Performance ◽  
Admissions Tests ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Test Optional ◽  
The Impact

In this article, I review the role of college admissions tests in the United States and consider the fairness issues surrounding their use. The two main tests are the SAT, first administered in 1926, and the ACT, first given in 1959. Scores on these tests have been shown to contribute to the prediction of college performance, but their role in the admissions process varies widely across colleges. Although test scores are consistently listed as one of the most important admissions factors in national surveys of postsecondary institutions, an increasing number of schools have adopted “test-optional” policies. At these institutions, test score requirements are seen as a barrier to campus diversity because of the large performance gaps among ethnic and socioeconomic groups. Fortunately, the decentralized higher education system in the United States can accommodate a wide range of admissions policies. It is essential, however, that the impact of admissions policy changes be studied and that the resource implications of these changes be thoroughly considered.

scholarly journals Involvement of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia in the Events in Afghanistan in the Late 1970s

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-144
Author(s):  
Taisiуa Rabush ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
The United States ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
East Region ◽  
The U.S

Introduction. In this article, the author examines the position of the countries of the Middle East region in the late 1970s with regard to the armed conflict in Afghanistan. The emphasis is on the period on the eve of the entry of the Soviet troops to Afghanistan – from the April Revolution of 1978 until December 1979. The author’s focus is on two states: Pakistan directly bordering on Afghanistan, and Saudi Arabia, which is a major geopolitical actor in the region. Methods and materials. The author relies on documentary sources such as “Department of state bulletin”, documents of secret correspondence of the U.S. foreign policy agencies, documents of the U.S. National Security Archive, and special volumes on Afghanistan and the Middle East in “Foreign Relations of the United States. Diplomatic Papers, 1977–1980”. Thanks to these sources, it is possible to prove that the involvement of the states of the region in the Afghan armed conflict and its internationalization began even before the Soviet troops entered Afghanistan. Analysis. First, an overview of the objectives pursued by these states in Afghanistan and in the internal Afghan armed conflict is given. Following this, the author consistently reveals the position of these states in relation to the April Revolution of 1978, the ever-increasing Soviet involvement in the Afghan events (1978–1979) and the civil war that started against the Kabul government. Results. In conclusion the article reveals the role of these states in the process of internationalization of the Afghan armed conflict, which, according to the author, began before the Soviet troops entered Afghanistan.

scholarly journals Foreign Experience of the System of Protection of Public Order and Prevention of Offenses in Localities

2017 ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Музаффар Зиядуллаев ◽  
Muzaffar Ziyadullaev
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Order ◽  
The Public ◽  
Foreign Experience ◽  
Security Services ◽  
Older Brothers ◽  
The Russian Federation

Each state proceeding from the administrative territory (locality) strives to ensure peace and tranquility, the rights and interests of citizens, public order and the prevention of violations. For this purposes different units were established in which the activities of police officers closely interact with the public. The article examines the foreign experience of the system of protection of public order and the prevention of violations in localities, in particular, public security stations and commissioners of police of the Russian Federation, German security services, sheriff units and sheriffs of the United States, police stations and points of Japan, as well as legal, organizational and personnel bases of activity of these divisions and their officials. The role of public organizations, in particular, the people’s volunteers, Cossack societies of the Russian Federation, associations of “older brothers and sisters”, “parents and teachers”, self-government committees (quarter committees), “points of contact with the police” of Japan in the protection of public order and prevention of offenses in these states and their interaction with the police are revealed in the article. Based on the study of foreign experience of the system of protection of public order and prevention of offenses in localities relevant suggestions are formulated for further improvement of the activity of law enforcement bodies.

scholarly journals Percutaneous Emergence of Gnathostoma spinigerum Following Praziquantel Treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah G. H. Sapp ◽  
Monica Kaminski ◽  
Marie Abdallah ◽  
Henry S. Bishop ◽  
Mark Fox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Gnathostoma Spinigerum ◽  
Praziquantel Treatment ◽  
Outward Migration

A Bangladeshi patient with prior travel to Saudi Arabia was hospitalized in the United States for a presumptive liver abscess. Praziquantel was administered following a positive Schistosoma antibody test. Ten days later, a subadult worm migrated to the skin surface and was identified morphologically as Gnathostoma spinigerum. This case highlights the challenges of gnathostomiasis diagnosis, raising questions on potential serologic cross-reactivity and the possible role of praziquantel in stimulating outward migration of Gnathostoma larvae/subadults.

scholarly journals Training for War: Academy Socialization and Warrior Policing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J Simon
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Training ◽  
Field Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Moral Necessity ◽  
One Year ◽  
Ethnographic Field Work

Abstract The role of the police in the United States is a topic of contentious debate. Central to this debate is a binary that constructs police officers as fulfilling either a protective, community-serving role, or an aggressive, crime-fighting role. The most recent iteration is reflected in the warrior-guardian construct, which conceptualizes officers as both initiators of, and defenders against, violence. This article examines how the warrior-guardian framework shapes police training, and highlights how this construct is itself gendered and racialized. I draw on one year of ethnographic field work at four police academies and 40 interviews with police officers and cadets to argue that police training is an organized effort to condition officers to conceptualize their relationship with the public as a war. Three components constitute this framing: (1) instructors construct an evil, unpredictable enemy; (2) cadets are taught to identify their enemy in gendered and racialized ways; and (3) cadets are encouraged to adopt a warrior mentality. I show that cadets are taught to view the world in a way that pits them against an enemy, pushes them to conceptualize their enemy as a man of color, and to think about violence as a moral necessity.

scholarly journals Preventing Avoidable Deaths in Police Encounters with Citizens: Immediate Priorities

2020 ◽  
Vol 687 (1) ◽  
pp. 216-226
Author(s):  
Lawrence W. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Feasibility Assessment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Police Encounters ◽  
American Police

The global problem of fatal encounters between police and citizens is a massive challenge for both public health and public safety. This volume focuses on a wide range of ideas and evidence about what might be done to save lives in police-citizen encounters, at least in the United States. I focus on three ideas that could make the most difference, most quickly. Each of the ideas is supported by both substantial research evidence and a feasibility assessment of which ideas might be adopted. Three ideas that can transcend political gridlock, appeal to both supporters and critics of the American police, and appeal to police officers themselves are presented: (1) empowering police to take away legally possessed guns from manifestly dangerous people, (2) supporting police in emergency first aid and medical treatment of anyone who is injured by gunfire, and (3) developing implementation strategies based on research on the interactional tactics associated with fatalities and their prevention.

The “Homogamy” of Road Rage Revisited

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 758-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne D. Roberts ◽  
David W. Indermaur
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Aggressive Driving ◽  
Road Rage ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Driving Behaviors ◽  
History Of

The principle of homogamy, the tendency for victims and offenders to share behavioral and demographic characteristics, has been applied to various forms of violent crime. This article explores how this principle relates to types of “road rage” using a survey of 1,208 Australian drivers. Two-thirds of drivers who perpetrated violent forms of road rage also reported being victims of the same crime, providing support for the homogamy thesis. Perpetrators were predominantly young males with low socioeconomic status who lacked the ability to control their temper. Perpetrator-victims were more likely than other victims to have a history of driving violations and higher levels of general aggression and report more frequent aggressive driving behaviors. The implications for theories of violence are discussed.

scholarly journals Training for War: Academy Socialization and Warrior Policing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Training ◽  
Field Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Public ◽  
Moral Necessity ◽  
One Year ◽  
Ethnographic Field Work ◽  
Intense Debate

The role of the police in the United States is once again the topic of intense debate and contention. Central to this debate is a binary that constructs police officers as fulfilling either a protective, community-serving role, or an aggressive, crime-fighting role. The most recent iteration of this binary is reflected in the warrior-guardian construct, which conceptualizes officers as both initiators of, and defenders against, violence. In this article, I examine how the warrior-guardian framework shapes police training and highlight the way in which this construct is itself gendered and racialized. I draw on one year of ethnographic field work at four police academies and 41 interviews with police officers and cadets to argue that police training is an organized effort to condition officers to conceptualize their relationship with the public as a war. I outline three components that constitute this framing: (1) instructors construct an evil, unpredictable enemy; (2) cadets are taught to identify their enemy in gendered and racialized ways; and (3) cadets are encouraged to adopt a warrior mentality. Ultimately, I show that cadets are taught to view the world in a way that pits them against an enemy, conceptualize their enemy as a man of color, and think about violence as a moral necessity.

Understanding Aggressive Driving: The Role of Personality and Individual Differences

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 972-976
Author(s):  
Enilda M. Velazquez ◽  
Mustapha Mouloua
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Trait Anger ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Aggressive Driving ◽  
Driving Behaviors ◽  
Personality Questionnaires ◽  
Driving Outcomes ◽  
Aggressive Driver ◽  
Practical Implications

The goal of the present study was to examine the role of personality and individual differences on aggressive driving. It was hypothesized that personality and individual differences would be significantly related to aggressive driving behavior. A sample of n = 252 participants from a southeastern university and surrounding community were required to complete a series of driving questionnaires; the ADBQ, DBQ, and CFQ-D; and a series of personality questionnaires; the IPIP-NEO-PIR and BFI. Our results indicated that personality factors and individual differences significantly predicted aggressive driving outcomes. These results provided a preliminary personality based characteristic profile of the aggressive driver. These results also support the use of trait anger and trait cooperation independently from the subscales they are derived from (Neuroticism and Agreeableness) to predict aggressive driving behaviors. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

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