Review of Electrostatic Sensor Applications

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teimour Tajdari ◽  
Mohd Fuaad Rahmat
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Particle Sizing ◽  
Filtering Method ◽  
Sensor Applications ◽  
Methods And Techniques

Electrostatic sensors have a simple but robust structure, which can detect the electric charge from moving charged particles. Measurement of the dry particle mass flow rate, velocity, and concentration in a conveyor are the main areas of sensor application. This paper considers the measurement methods and techniques that utilize electrostatic sensors for instrumentation. The most significant applications of the sensor are reviewed and a newly developed technique in particle sizing using the spatial filtering method is explained. The results of the study re-emphasize the flexibility, reliability and cost-effective features of the electrostatic sensor for industrial applications.

scholarly journals Modeling and optimization of radish root extract drying as peroxidase source using spouted bed dryer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrbanoo Hamedi ◽  
M. Mehdi Afsahi ◽  
Ali Riahi-Madvar ◽  
Ali Mohebbi
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Parameters ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Spouted Bed ◽  
Radish Root

AbstractThe main advantages of the dried enzymes are the lower cost of storage and longer time of preservation for industrial applications. In this study, the spouted bed dryer was utilized for drying the garden radish (Raphanus sativus L.) root extract as a cost-effective source of the peroxidase enzyme. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the individual and interactive effects of main parameters (the inlet air temperature (T) and the ratio of air flow rate to the minimum spouting air flow rate (Q)) on the residual enzyme activity (REA). The maximum REA of 38.7% was obtained at T = 50 °C and Q = 1.4. To investigate the drying effect on the catalytic activity, the optimum reaction conditions (pH and temperature), as well as kinetic parameters, were investigated for the fresh and dried enzyme extracts (FEE and DEE). The obtained results showed that the optimum pH of DEE was decreased by 12.3% compared to FEE, while the optimum temperature of DEE compared to FEE increased by a factor of 85.7%. Moreover, kinetic parameters, thermal-stability, and shelf life of the enzyme were considerably improved after drying by the spouted bed. Overall, the results confirmed that a spouted bed reactor can be used as a promising method for drying heat-sensitive materials such as peroxidase enzyme.

Review Of Mass Flow Rate Measurement Methods In Pneumatic Conveyor

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herlina Abdul Rahim ◽  
Akmal Hayati Rusli ◽  
Nor Saradatul Akmar Zulkifli
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Rate Measurement ◽  
Flow Rate Measurement ◽  
Capacitance Sensor ◽  
Microwave Sensor ◽  
Rate Sensor ◽  
Imaging Sensor

Kertas kerja ini menjelaskan beberapa jenis penggunaan penderia untuk mengukur laju aliran pepejal yang mengalir di penghantar pneumatik. Setiap penderia akan menggunakan prinsip yang berbeza tetapi kebanyakan darinya mampu mencapai kesilapan homogen sebanyak 10%. Teknik–teknik ini termasuk penderia kapasitan, penderia elektrostatik, penderia gelombang mikro, penderia radiologi, kombinasi penderia elektrostatik dan digital imej dan lain–lain. Reka bentuk penderiaan harus seragam, maka zarah yang ada dalam kawasan penderiaan akan memberikan hasil yang sama terhadap isyarat mengalir. Kata kunci: Aliran pepeja; penderia; penghantar pneumatic; kaedah pengukuran This paper describes several types of sensor use in measuring mass flow rate of solids flowing in pneumatic conveyors. Each sensor will applied different principle but most of them are able to achieve 10% homogeneity error. These sensor techniques include capacitance sensor, electrostatic sensor, microwave sensor, radiological sensor, combination of electrostatic and digital imaging sensor and others. The sensing filed designs need to be uniform, thus particles exist within the sensing field will contribute equally to the flow signal. Key words: Mass flow rate; sensor; pneumatic conveyor; measurement methods

Control of Self-Excited Oscillations in Centrifugal Blowers

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saad A. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Rotating Stall ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Flow Coefficient ◽  
Flow Area ◽  
The Stability

Centrifugal compressors or blowers are widely used in many industrial applications. However, the operation of such systems is limited at low-mass flow rates by self-excited flow instabilities which could result in rotating stall or surge of the compressor. These instabilities will limit the flow range in which the compressor or the blower can operate, and will also lower their performance and efficiency. Experimental techniques were used to investigate a model of radial vaneless diffuser at stall and stall-free operating conditions. The speed of the impeller was kept constant, while the mass flow rate was reduced gradually to study the steady and unsteady operating conditions of the compressor. Additional experiments were made to investigate the effects of reducing the exit flow area on the inception of stall. The results indicate that the instability in the diffuser was successfully delayed to a lower flow coefficient when throttle rings were attached to either one or both of the diffuser walls (i.e., to reduce the diffuser exit flow area). The results also showed that an increase of the blockage ratio improves the stability of the system (i.e., the critical mass flow rate could be reduced to 50% of its value without blockage). The results indicate that the throttle rings could be an effective method to control stall in radial diffusers.

scholarly journals Thermal and Cost Analysis of a Multi-Pass Solar Air Heater with Reversed Absorber and Reflector

2020 ◽  
pp. 141-146
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Solar Air Heater ◽  
Constant Mass ◽  
Air Heater ◽  
Effectiveness Model ◽  
Solar Intensity

Solar air heater is a major component of solar dryer. A model of multi pass solar air heater (MPSAH) with reversed absorber and reflector was developed. Exhaustive Study over the performance of MPSAH with and without reversed absorber and cost analysis was done. The performance curves show the effect of solar intensity on MPSAH with and without reversed absorber at constant mass flow. It was observed that the thermal efficiency of MPSAH is depending on solar intensity and losses when mass flow rate remain constant. At constant mass flow rate 26.90 gm/sec, the collector efficiency increased by 9% at average solar intensity 457w/m². Theoretical and experimental analysis showed close agreement. In addition the cost-effectiveness model has been used to examine the performance MPSAH with and without reverse absorbers. The air heaters annual cost (AC) estimation and annual power acquirement (AG) was analyze. The result is evidence for that multi-pass solar air heater with reverse absorbers and reflector is more cost-effective than multi-pass solar collectors without reverse absorber.

Particle abrasion of lifting elbow in dilute pneumatic conveying

2020 ◽  
pp. 135065012095129
Author(s):  
Yun Ji ◽  
Songyong Liu ◽  
Dianrong Gao ◽  
Jianhua Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Orthogonal Design ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Solid Mass ◽  
Airflow Velocity ◽  
Two Phase

Elbows are widely used in various industrial fields and are important for industrial applications. In this study, Eulerian coupling method was used to address the fluid-particle, and particle-particle interactions in a gas-solid two-phase flow while considering the effects of lifting angle, airflow velocity, and solid mass flow rate. The Hertz-Mindlin contact model and empirical Erosion/Corrosion Research Center erosion model were used to predict erosion in a lifting elbow, and the erosion ratio was used for validation with the experimental results. Experimental results indicated that the established model herein is accurate with different airflow velocities and lifting angles. The orthogonal design method was applied to the simulation scheme design, and range and variance analyses were used for the analysis of the results. Results indicated that the solid mass flow rate most affected elbow erosion comparing with lifting angles and airflow velocities. Additionally, the effect of the elbow lifting angle on the erosion mechanism was considered, and results indicated that the maximum erosion region is independent of the airflow velocity, lifting angle, and solid mass flow rate.

Measurement of Mass Flow Rate by Employing Thermometry

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean F. B. Machado ◽  
Cezar O. R. Negra˜o ◽  
Silvio L. M. Junqueira ◽  
Ricardo A. Mazza ◽  
Rigoberto E. M. Morales
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Tube Wall ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Flow Speed ◽  
Conservation Equation ◽  
Energy Conservation Equation ◽  
Heat Transfer Phenomenon

Sudden changes of flow temperature along a tube are common in industrial applications. One may suggest those changes can be related to the flow rate. The current work presents a feasibility analysis to evaluate the mass flow rate by measuring changes of temperature at two positions along a tube wall separated by a known distance. The ratio of the distance and the time to change the temperature at the two points may be related to the average flow speed. This is a convection-conduction heat transfer phenomenon at the flow and tube wall. This conjugated heat transfer is modeled by the energy conservation equation that is solved numerically. The study identifies the ranges of parameters, such as, Reynolds and Biot numbers, wall thickness, etc., on which the technique can be applied. The model results are compared to an analytical solution and preliminary experimental results.

scholarly journals Particle Lift Challenges and Solutions for Solid Particle Receiver Systems

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Christian ◽  
Jeremy Sment ◽  
Clifford K. Ho ◽  
Lonnie Haden ◽  
Kevin Albrecht
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rotational Velocity ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Device ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Variable Frequency Drive ◽  
Bucket Elevator

Abstract Particle receiver systems require durable, reliable, and cost-effective particle transport equipment. These lifts are critical pieces of equipment to transport the particles from the heat exchanger back into the receiver. There are challenges that must be overcome with any particle lift device including high temperatures (800°C), particle load and friction, and erosion from particle contact. There are several options commercially available for particle systems including a screw-type vertical elevator, bucket lift vertical elevator, and skip-hoist-style bulk vertical lifts. Two of the elevator types (screw and bucket) have been tested at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility (NSTTF) at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) in Albuquerque, NM. The two elevators are currently in operation on the 1 MWth falling particle receiver at the Solar Tower. The screw-type elevator consists of a stationary internal screw with an outer casing that rotates about the screw. The frictional forces from the casing rotation drives the particles upward along the flights of the screw. The casing rotational velocity is variable which allows for mass flow rate control. Identified issues with the screw-type elevator include particle attrition, uneven loading at the inlet causes casing deflection, bearing deformation due to casing deformation, and motor stalling due to increased resistance on the casing. The SNL bucket elevator is rated for temperatures up to 600 °C and consists of steel buckets and a steel drive chain capable of lifting particles at a rate of 8 kg/s. Identified issues with the bucket type elevator include discrete (non-continuous) discharge of the particles and a non-adjustable flow rate. A skip hoist type elevator has been studied previously and seems like the most viable option on a large scale (50–100MWth power plant) with a non-continuous particle discharge. Different control scenarios were explored with the variable frequency drive of the screw-type elevator to use it as a particle-flow control device. The objective was to maintain the feed hopper inventory at a constant value for steady flow of particles through the receiver. The mass flow rate was controlled based on feedback from measurements of particle level (mass) inside the top hopper.

Numerical Simulation on Aerodynamically Generated Injection Nozzle Noise

2012 ◽  
Vol 468-471 ◽  
pp. 2315-2318
Author(s):  
Jian Ping Yu ◽  
Hong Zhu ◽  
Shu Ping Chen ◽  
Xiao Sen Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Acoustic Analogy ◽  
Fluid Field ◽  
Computational Aerodynamics ◽  
Separate Area ◽  
Cfd Method

In contrast to computational aerodynamics, which has advanced to a fairly mature state, computational aeroacoustics (CAA) has only recently emerged as a separate area of study. The fluid field when air flowing through the nozzle is calculated based on the standard RNG turbulent equations. The mass flow rate is tested based on the experiment. Comparing the calculated and tested mass flow rate, there is only 0.6% error. Hence the results based on the CFD method are reliable and can be used to industrial applications. The Lighthill’s acoustic analogy method is adopted and the noise when air poured into opens space is simulated. The noise is also tested by the experiments. The result indicate that the simulated data have the same tends as experiment data. Although there are some differences between the simulated and tested data, the simulated data shows that the numerical method can be qualitatively predicting the industrial noise.

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