Development of Solid Rocket Propellant based on Isophorone Diisocyanate – Hydroxyl Terminated Natural Rubber Binder

2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Munirah Onn ◽  
Hussin Md Nor ◽  
Wan Khairuddin Wan Ali
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Combustion Characteristic ◽  
Isophorone Diisocyanate ◽  
Aluminium Powder ◽  
Liquid Natural Rubber ◽  
Solid Rocket ◽  
Type Of Failure

In this work, a novelty solid propellant based on Isophorone Diisocyanate (IPDI) with Hydroxyl Terminated Natural Rubber (HTNR) binder network was successfully developed. The preparation of Liquid Natural Rubber (LNR) by chemical degradation Deprotenized Natural Rubber (DPNR) using cobaltous was carried out. From the FTIR spectroscopy, a broad hydroxyl group peak at 3444cm-1 was obtained from HTNR. Rubber network depict a strong carbonyl group C=O at 1714cm-1 and amine group N-H at 3433cm-1. NMR analysis also proves that there was hydroxyl group presence in the sample where broad peak at range 1-3 ppm and 3.5 ppm peak for -HOCH2CH2CH2-. Four different mol ratio of HTNR with IPDI was carried out to find the best formulation with good properties as propellant. Flory-Rehner equation depict that only slightly increasing occur with higher IPDI mol ratio but mixing with Ammonium Perchlorate (AP) and Aluminium Powder (AL) significantly improve the crosslink density. Melting point for HTNR is near to room temperature and it increase abruptly after crosslink with IPDI up to range of 148-150 °C. For all formulation, cross section morphology showed occurrence of porosity and brittle type of failure however HTNR has good contact with AL and AP. 2 : 1 molar ratio depict the best burning rate but the combustion characteristic shows less energy and spark compared to HTPB binder.

Hydroxyl Terminated Natural Rubber (HTNR) as a Binder in Solid Rocket Propellant

2014 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
pp. 174-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norfhairna Baharulrazi ◽  
Hussin Mohd Nor ◽  
Wan Khairuddin Wan Ali
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Crosslinking Reaction ◽  
Compression Process ◽  
Solid Rocket Propellant ◽  
Rocket Propellant ◽  
Aluminium Powder ◽  
Liquid Natural Rubber ◽  
Solid Rocket ◽  
Acetyl Acetonate

Controlled degradation of deproteinized natural rubber by oxidative method using cobaltous leading to the formation of telechelic liquid natural rubber (TLNR) has been the subject of study in the current work. Hydroxyl-terminated natural rubber (HTNR) having number-average molecular weights (Mn) below 10,000 gmol-1 were synthesized at temperatures 60°C using Cobalt bis (acetyl acetonate) (Co) in the presence of ethanol and Sodium borohydride. The HTNR were characterized structurally by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. From the FTIR and GPC analysis, one hour reaction showed the lowest Mn around 6691 gmol-1 comparable to Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) which were 7708 gmol-1. As the reaction time increases the Mn also increase up to 8 hours of reaction. FTIR indicated that the synthesized HTNR contained hydroxyl end groups. The study showed the optimum percentage of Cobalt bis (acetyl acetonate) is 5% which produce the lowest molecular weight. Next, the HTNR underwent crosslinking reaction with isophore diisocyanate (IPDI). Then, metal fuel (aluminium powder, Al), oxidizer (ammonium perchlorate, AP) and HTNR were mixed together and went through compression process to produce solid rocket propellant. Burning rate obtained from HTNR samples were 2.78 mms-1 which were equivalent to HTPB samples which is 2.94 mms-1.

Chemical degradation of epoxidized natural rubber using periodic acid: Preparation of epoxidized liquid natural rubber

2004 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Phinyocheep ◽  
C. W. Phetphaisit ◽  
D. Derouet ◽  
I. Campistron ◽  
J. C. Brosse
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Chemical Degradation ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Liquid Natural Rubber

Synthesis and Characterization of Block Copolymer from Natural Rubber, Toluene-2,4-Diisocyanate and Poly(ξ-aprolactone) Diol-Based Polyurethane

2011 ◽  
Vol 695 ◽  
pp. 316-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wannarat Panwiriyarat ◽  
Varaporn Tanrattanakul ◽  
Jean François Pilard ◽  
Chuanpit Khaokong
Keyword(s):  
Block Copolymer ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Soft Segment ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
Chain Cleavage ◽  
Epoxidation Reaction ◽  
Liquid Natural Rubber ◽  
New Type

A new type of polyurethane (PU) has been synthesized by using hydroxyl terminated liquid natural rubber (HTNR) and poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) as a soft segment and toluene-2,4 diisocyanate (TDI) as a hard segment. This PU becomes a biodegradable and recyclable polymer. The PU samples were synthesized by solution polymerization. TDI/PCL polymerization was prepared in order to determine the appropriate NCO:OH ratio which evaluated from the molecular weight of derived PU and the ratios which were able to form a polymeric film. The suitable NCO:OH ratios were 0.84:1 – 1.20:1 and the Mn of the derived PUs was 3000-5500 g/mol determined by using GPC. PU from PCL-HTNR block copolymer was synthesized by varying molar ratio between PCL and HTNR. HTNR has been synthesized by epoxidation reaction and chain cleavage of natural rubber. The Mn of HTNR was in the range of 1700-8000 g/mol. 1H-NMR and FTIR were used to determine the functional group in order to verify the prepared HTNR and PU. Glass transition temperature and thermal decomposition of PU samples were investigated by using DSC and TGA, respectively.

Preparation and characterisation of liquid epoxidised natural rubber in latex stage by chemical degradation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Hayati Yusof ◽  
Dazylah Darji ◽  
Fatimah Rubaizah Mohd Rasdi ◽  
Krishna Veni Baratha Nesan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Chemical Degradation

scholarly journals Functionalization of Liquid Natural Rubber via Oxidative Degradation of Natural Rubber

Polymers ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 2928-2941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhawati Ibrahim ◽  
Rusli Daik ◽  
Ibrahim Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Liquid Natural Rubber

Chemical Depolymerisation of Natural Rubber in Biphasic Medium

2014 ◽  
Vol 1024 ◽  
pp. 193-196
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Suhawati ◽  
Asrul Mustafa
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Inner Core ◽  
Particle Surface ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Carbonyl Groups ◽  
Latex Particles ◽  
Liquid Natural Rubber ◽  
Biphasic Medium

The molecular weight of natural rubber (NR) can be reduced via depolymerization reaction to produce liquid natural rubber (LNR) with a molecular weight less than 50 000 g/mol. In the reaction, hydrogen peroxide and sodium nitrite were added to natural rubber latex to initiate a redox type reaction which then breaks the NR chain. Low permeation of reagents into latex particles allows the degradation to occur greater at the latex particle surface relative to the inner core contributes to high molecular weight distribution (MWD) or polydispersity of the LNR obtained. In this recent works, the reaction was carried out in a biphasic medium consisting of water and toluene phases. Toluene swells latex particles as indicated by the SEM micrographs showing changes in the size of latex particles. This occurrence is suggested to increase the influx of reagents into the latex particles. Consequently, with higher permeation of reagents into the latex particles resulted in the decrease of molecular weight and lower polydispersity of the LNR obtained. Chemical structure analysize showed that the LNRs obtained were attached with hydroxyl and carbonyl groups.

Thermal Properties and Crystallisation Behaviour of Thermoplastic Natural Rubber (TPNR) Nanocomposites

2013 ◽  
Vol 812 ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Norasmah Surip ◽  
Z.Y. Zhang ◽  
H.N. Dhakal ◽  
N.N. Bonnia ◽  
S. H. Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Nucleating Agent ◽  
Preparation Technique ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Blending Method ◽  
Liquid Natural Rubber ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
Thermoplastic Natural Rubber ◽  
Internal Mixer

The effect of preparation technique on the crystallisation behavior and thermal properties of TPNR filled nanoclay nanocomposites was investigated. The nanocomposites were prepared via melt blending method using internal mixer (Haake 600P). Two types of nanocomposites preparation technique were employed which is method A and B. In method A, the nanoclay was pre-mixed with liquid natural rubber (LNR) before it was charged into the other materials. For method B, the nanoclay was directly charged into the molten TPNR matrix. The result shows, preparation methods were significantly affect the crystallinity and thermal properties of TPNR nanocomposites. DSC thermogram revealed that nanocomposites crystallinity was increased when prepared by method A but decreased with method B. An increment in polypropylene crystallinity was attributed by the nanoclay which is believed to be as a nucleating agent. DMA thermogram suggested that the preparation method has affected the storage modulus and tan δ but not the glass transition temperature (tg).

Preparation of Polymer Nanoparticles and Application on Nitrile-Butadiene Rubber Reinforcement

2017 ◽  
Vol 900 ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
Cheng Chien Wang ◽  
Chih Lung Chiu ◽  
Jian Sheng Shen
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Microemulsion Polymerization ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Divinyl Benzene ◽  
Rubber Nanocomposites ◽  
Average Size

The different amount of hydrophilic hydroxyl group, including 3, 5, 7 and 10 wt.% copoly (styrene-co - divinyl benzene – co - 2-hydroxylethylenemethacrylate) (poly (St-co-DVB- co -HEMA) s) nanoparticles were synthesized via microemulsion polymerization in the present paper. The average size of the poly (St-co-DVB-co-HEMA) s was ca. 44 nm after zetasizer (DLS) measurement and SEM observation. The characteristic peaks at 3200 ~3600 cm-1 in FTIR was assigned at hydroxyl group of HEMA unit. The NBR/poly (St-co-DVB-co-HEMA) s composites films with 250 μm thickness were prepared simply via latex mixing and followed by spinning coating. The mechanical properties of the poly (St-co-DVB-co-HEMA) s/rubber nanocomposites, including the tensile strength, modulus and elongation, were increased with that of increasing of poly (St-co-DVB-co-HEMA) s adding. In addition, as the poly (St-co-DVB-co-HEMA) s nanoparticles carried out with constant St/HEMA molar ratio of 97:3 and the DVB content in 10 wt.%, the elongation at break that up to more than 3500% and the ultimate stress increased from 0.2 MPa to 0.6 MPa. The poly (St-co-DVB-co-HEMA) s nanoparticles prepared by emulsion polymerization could be successfully enhanced the mechanical properties of rubber latex.

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