Localised Single-Station Lightning Detection by Using TOA Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Behnam Salimi ◽  
Zulkurnain Abdul-Malek ◽  
Kamyar Mehranzamir ◽  
Saeed Vahabi Mashak ◽  
Hadi Nabipour Afrouzi
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Source ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Time Of Arrival ◽  
Lightning Detection ◽  
Single Station ◽  
Mathematical Equations ◽  
Non Linear Equations

Lightning is an electrical discharge during storms that can be monitored continuously from certain distances. It can be either within clouds (intra cloud), or between clouds and the ground (cloud-ground). There are various techniques used nowadays to locate lightning, and to determine various parameters produced from lightning. Each technique provides its own claimed performances. This paper attempts to provide instantaneous detection of lightning strike lightning location using the Time of Arrival (TOA) method of a single detection station (comprises of four antennas). It also models the whole detection system using suitable mathematical equations so as to give some understanding on the differences between the measured and calculated (theoretical) results. The measurement system is based on the application of mathematical and geometrical formulas. Several parameters such as the distance from the radiation source to the station and the lightning path are significant in influencing the accuracy of the results (elevation and azimuth angles). The role of each parameter is examined in detail using Matlab. This study solved the resultant non-linear equations by Newton-Raphson techniques. Methods to determine the radiation source which include the exact coordinate of a given radiation source in 3-dimensions were also developed. Further clarifications on the cause of errors in the single-station TOA method and techniques to reduce the errors are given.

scholarly journals Development of a Low-Cost IoT System for Lightning Strike Detection and Location

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismael Mialdea-Flor ◽  
Jaume Segura-Garcia ◽  
Santiago Felici-Castell ◽  
Miguel Garcia-Pineda ◽  
Jose M. Alcaraz-Calero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Services ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Mesh Network ◽  
Lightning Strike ◽  
Lightning Detection ◽  
Iot Devices

Lightning and thunder are some of the most violent natural phenomena. They generate a great deal of expenditure and economic loss, especially when they strike in cities. The identification of the concrete geographic area where they strike is of critical importance for emergency services in order to enhance their effectiveness by doing an intensive coverage of the affected area. To achieve this purpose at the city scale, this paper proposes the design, prototype, and validation of a distributed network of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The IoT devices are empowered with lightning detection capabilities and are synchronized with the other devices in the sensor network. All of them cooperate within a network that is able to locate different events thanks to a trilateration algorithm implemented in a big data environment. The designed low-cost lightning detection system is based on the AS3935 sensor. This system alone has a limited range of effective detection, but when it is embedded in an IoT mesh network, the accuracy and performance are increased. A fully operational IoT network was deployed, and a functional validation and empirical measurements are provided.

scholarly journals Modeling of Time of Arrival Method for Lightning Locating Systems

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saeed Vahabi-Mashak ◽  
Zulkurnain Abdul-Malek ◽  
Kamyar Mehranzamir ◽  
Hadi Nabipour-Afrouzi ◽  
Behnam Salimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measuring Equipment ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Time Of Arrival ◽  
Lightning Flash ◽  
Broadband Antennas ◽  
Single Station ◽  
Cloud To Ground Lightning ◽  
Mathematical Equations ◽  
Shape Distance ◽  
Improved Accuracy

Various methods are used to locate cloud-to-ground lightning flashes. Even though a higher cost is incurred, a network of sensor stations is preferable to a single station due to the improved accuracy. For a single station measuring system, the accuracy of its analyses is mostly based on the chosen mathematical equations which can be solved in either linear or nonlinear mode. The sensitivity of the measuring equipment used is also particularly significant. This paper concentrates on the modelling of time of arrival (TOA) technique for locating a lightning flash by utilizing three broadband antennas. Consequently, by employing the developed model, the influences of geometric parameters on the accuracy of the model are evaluated. Therefore, a Matlab based simulation of the measuring system is developed. In the developed codes, randomly located lightning flash with its corresponding electromagnetic radiation was modelled. Results show that parameters such as lightning path shape, distance of the leader, and leader location can directly affect the accuracy of the TOA technique for extracting the azimuth and elevation.

scholarly journals NILAI AWAL PADA METODE SECANT YANG DIMODIFIKASI DALAM PENENTUAN AKAR GANDA PERSAMAAN NON LINEAR

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Patrisius Batarius ◽  
Alfri Aristo SinLae
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Methods ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Secant Method ◽  
Multiple Roots ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Single Root ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Mathematical Equations ◽  
Raphson Method ◽  
Non Linear Equations

Determining the root of an equation means making the equation equal zero, (f (f) = 0). In engineering, there are often complex mathematical equations. With the numerical method approach, the equation can be searching for the value of the equation root. However, to find a double root approach with several numerical methods such as the bisection method, regulatory method, Newton-Raphson method, and Secant method, it is not efficient in determining multiple roots. This study aims to determine the roots of non-linear equations that have multiple roots using the modified Secant method. Besides knowing the effect of determining the initial value for the Secant method that is modifying in determining the non-linear root of persistence that has multiple roots. Comparisons were also make to other numerical methods in determining twin roots with the modified Secant method. A comparison is done to determine the initial value used. Simulations are performing on equations that have one single root and two or more double roots.

Harmonic holes with surface tension in an elastic plane under uniform remote loading

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1806-1812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Dai ◽  
Peter Schiavone ◽  
Cun-Fa Gao
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Conformal Mapping ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Elastic Plane ◽  
Mean Stress ◽  
Remote Loading ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Non Linear Equations ◽  
Effect Of Surface

Harmonic holes are designed to leave undisturbed the mean stress in an uncut body subjected to a system of prescribed remote loadings. The role of residual surface tension in the design of harmonic holes is an important consideration, which is usually neglected at the macroscale but remains a significant factor in the design of such holes at the nanoscale. We consider the identification of the geometry of a single harmonic hole in an elastic plane subjected to uniform remote loading when residual surface tension is incorporated into the model of deformation. The geometry of the hole is defined by a conformal mapping with certain unknown coefficients determined from a system of non-linear equations. We illustrate our results with several examples. In particular, we show that for a given remote loading and surface tension, the shapes obtained exhibit strong size-dependency. Moreover, we find that the incorporation of the effect of surface tension greatly extends the range of admissible uniform remote loadings that guarantee the existence of harmonic holes.

scholarly journals A master exceptional field theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Bossard ◽  
Axel Kleinschmidt ◽  
Ergin Sezgin
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Gauge Invariance ◽  
Sigma Model ◽  
Linear Equations ◽  
Field Theories ◽  
Gauge Invariant ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Non Linear Equations

Abstract We construct a pseudo-Lagrangian that is invariant under rigid E11 and transforms as a density under E11 generalised diffeomorphisms. The gauge-invariance requires the use of a section condition studied in previous work on E11 exceptional field theory and the inclusion of constrained fields that transform in an indecomposable E11-representation together with the E11 coset fields. We show that, in combination with gauge-invariant and E11-invariant duality equations, this pseudo-Lagrangian reduces to the bosonic sector of non-linear eleven-dimensional supergravity for one choice of solution to the section condi- tion. For another choice, we reobtain the E8 exceptional field theory and conjecture that our pseudo-Lagrangian and duality equations produce all exceptional field theories with maximal supersymmetry in any dimension. We also describe how the theory entails non-linear equations for higher dual fields, including the dual graviton in eleven dimensions. Furthermore, we speculate on the relation to the E10 sigma model.

EXPRESS: Testing Theories of Goal Progress in Online Learning

2021 ◽  
pp. 002224372199110
Author(s):  
Joy Lu ◽  
Eric T. Bradlow ◽  
J. Wesley Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Learning Styles ◽  
Learning Style ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Traditional Education ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Learner Engagement ◽  
Goal Progress ◽  
Business Courses ◽  
Using Data

Online educational platforms increasingly allow learners to consume content at their own pace with on-demand formats, in contrast to the synchronous content of traditional education. Thus, it is important to understand and model learner engagement within these environments. Using data from four business courses hosted on Coursera, we model learner behavior as a two-stage decision process, with the first stage determining across-day continuation versus quitting and the second stage determining within-day choices among lectures, quizzes, and breaks. By modeling the heterogeneity across learners pursuing lecture and quiz completion goals, we capture different patterns of consumption that correspond to extant theories of goal progress within an empirical field setting. We find that most individuals exhibit a learning style where lecture utility changes as an inverted-U-shaped function of current progress. Our model may also be used as an early detection system to anticipate changes in engagement and allows us to relate learning styles to final performance outcomes and enrollment in additional courses. Finally, we examine the role of quizzes in how consumption patterns vary across learners in different courses and between those who have paid or not paid for the option to earn a course certificate.

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