scholarly journals Evaporated Palm Oil Cracking To Gasoline Over Zeolite Catalysts

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tirena Bahnur Siregar ◽  
Nor Aishah Saidina Amin
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Zeolite Catalysts ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Weight Hourly Space Velocity ◽  
Oil Cracking

Peretakan bermangkin minyak kelapa sawit kepada gasolin menggunakan H–ZSM–5 dan H–Beta dijalankan pada tekanan atmosfera dan kadar alir mengikut berat 2.5 jam–1. Suhu tindak balas ditetapkan dalam julat 450°C to 525°C. Mangkin yang dikalsinkan telah dicirikan menggunakan teknik pembelauan sinar X, penjerapan piridina–spektrofotometri inframerah dan penjerapan nitrogen. Hasil cecair dan gas dianalisis menggunakan kromatografi gas (FID) dan (TCD). Peningkatan suhu tidak balas meninggikan penukaran minyak kelapa sawit. Penukaran minyak kelapa sawit dan kepemilihan gasolin tertinggi diperolehi dengan mangkin H–ZSM–5, masing–masing ialah 96.12% berat dan 29.92% berat. Walaupun penukaran minyak kelapa sawit dan kepemilihan gasolin untuk kedua–dua mangkin adalah tinggi, tetapi H–ZSM–5 menunjukkan hasil yang lebih baik berbanding H–Beta pada semua suhu. Gasolin yang dihasilkan menggunakan H–ZSM–5 mempunyai kandungan naftena yang tinggi, diikuti oleh isoparafin, olefin, aromatik dan sedikit paraffin, manakala gasolin yang terhadil menggunakan H–Beta mengandungi olefin, naftena, paraffin dan aromatik. Hasil sampingan utama adalah gas yang terdiri daripada komponen C1–C3 menggunakan H–ZSM–5 dan C3–C4 menggunakan H–Beta Kata kunci: Zeolit; H–ZSM–5; H–Beta; peretakan; minyak kelapa sawit; gasolin The catalytic cracking of palm oil to gasoline over H–ZSM–5 and H–Beta was studied in fixed bed reactor operated at atmospheric pressure and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 2.5 h–1. The reaction temperature was varied between 450°C to 525°C. The calcined catalysts were characterized using X–Ray Diffraction (XRD), Pyridine Adsorption–Infrared Spectrophotometry (Py–IR) and Nitrogen Adsorption (NA) methods. The liquid and gaseous products were analyzed using (FID) and (TCD) gas chromatography respectively. Increase in reaction temperature led to higher palm oil conversion. The highest conversion and gasoline selectivity obtained at 525°C were 96.12 wt% and 29.92 wt% respectively with H–ZSM–5. Although the conversion and the gasoline selectivity of both catalysts was high, but H–ZSM–5 performed better than H–Beta at all temperature range. Gasoline produced using H–ZSM–5 consisted mainly of naphthenes beside isoparaffins, olefins, aromatics and a small amount of paraffins, while the gasoline obtained by using H–Beta contained olefins, naphthenes, paraffins and aromatics. Gas was the major side product, which consisted mainly of C1–C3 for using H–ZSM–5 and C3–C4 compounds for using H–Beta. Key words: Zeolite; H–ZSM–5; H–Beta; cracking, palm oil; gasoline

Methanol Dehydrogenation to Formaldehyde over Zinc Oxide-Modified Sodium Carbonate

2013 ◽  
Vol 750-752 ◽  
pp. 1826-1830
Author(s):  
Qing Song Wang ◽  
Gong Li ◽  
Min Jian Huang ◽  
Shu Xi Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Methanol Dehydrogenation ◽  
Weight Hourly Space Velocity ◽  
Catalyst Composition ◽  
Grinding Method

Methanol dehydrogenation to formaldehyde was conducted in a fixed-bed flow reactor under the atmospheric pressure with sodium carbonate modified by metal oxides. The effects of catalyst composition, reaction temperature, weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) on the reaction were investigated. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, TG and nitrogen adsorption. The results indicated that ZnO/Na2CO3 containing 2wt% ZnO prepared by mechanical grinding method had higher catalytic activity for methanol dehydrogenation to formaldehyde. The conversion of methanol and the selectivity of formaldehyde were respectively 57.62% and 77.84% under the condition of wmethanol/wfeed =0.19, reaction temperature 650°C and WHSV (methanol) 7h-1.

scholarly journals Promotional Effect of Cu, Fe and Pt on the Performance of Ni/Al2O3 in the Deoxygenation of Used Cooking Oil to Fuel-Like Hydrocarbons

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisele C. R. Silva ◽  
Dali Qian ◽  
Robert Pace ◽  
Olivier Heintz ◽  
Gilles Caboche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Pt Catalyst ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Weight Hourly Space Velocity ◽  
Used Cooking Oil ◽  
Promotional Effect ◽  
Comparable Performance ◽  
Cu Catalyst

Inexpensive Ni-based catalysts can afford comparable performance to costly precious metal formulations in the conversion of fat, oil, or greases (FOG) to fuel-like hydrocarbons via decarboxylation/decarbonylation (deCOx). While the addition of certain metals has been observed to promote Ni-based deCOx catalysts, the steady-state performance of bimetallic formulations must be ascertained using industrially relevant feeds and reaction conditions in order to make meaningful comparisons. In the present work, used cooking oil (UCO) was upgraded to renewable diesel via deCOx over Ni/Al2O3 promoted with Cu, Fe, or Pt in a fixed-bed reactor at 375 °C using a weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 1 h−1. Although all catalysts fully deoxygenated the feed to hydrocarbons throughout the entire 76 h duration of these experiments, the cracking activity (and the evolution thereof) was distinct for each formulation. Indeed, that of the Ni-Cu catalyst was low and relatively stable, that of the Ni-Fe formulation was initially high but progressively dropped to become negligible, and that of the Ni-Pt catalyst started as moderate, varied considerably, and finished high. Analysis of the spent catalysts suggests that the evolution of the cracking activity can be mainly ascribed to changes in the composition of the metal particles.

Effect of the Reduction Temperature on Nickel Phosphide Catalyst Structure and Catalytic Activity for Hydrodesulfurization

2014 ◽  
Vol 1025-1026 ◽  
pp. 782-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Song ◽  
Fu Yong Zhang ◽  
Zai Shun Jin ◽  
Huai Yuan Wang ◽  
Yan Ji Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Reduction Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Weight Hourly Space Velocity ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nickel Phosphate

Ni2P/TiO2-Al2O3catalysts were prepared by impregnation of nickel phosphate precursors followed by reduction in hydrogen. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2-adsorption specific surface area measurements (BET), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetry differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The effects of reduction temperature on catalyst structure and HDS activity were studied using a lab-scale continuous flow fixed-bed reactor.. The results indicated that the catalyst prepared with reduction temperature of 973 K exhibited the best performance. At a reaction temperature of 606 K, a pressure of 3.0 MPa, a hydrogen/oil ratio of 500 (V/V), and a weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 2.0 h-1, the conversion of DBT HDS was 96.0%.

scholarly journals Characterization and Performance Test of Palm Oil Based Bio-Fuel Produced Via Ni/Zeolite-Catalyzed Cracking Process

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Kadarwati ◽  
Sri Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Gasoline Fraction ◽  
Zeolite Catalysts ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Cracking Process

Catalytic cracking process of palm oil into bio-fuel using Ni/zeolite catalysts (2-10% wt. Ni) at various reaction temperatures (400-500oC) in a flow-fixed bed reactor system has been carried out. Palm oil was pre-treated to produce methyl ester of palm oil as feedstock in the catalytic cracking reactions. The Ni/zeolite catalysts were prepared by wetness impregnation method using Ni(NO3)2.6H2O as the precursor. The products were collected and analysed using GC, GC-MS, and calorimeter. The effects of process temperatures and Ni content in Ni/zeolite have been studied. The results showed that Ni-2/zeolite could give a yield of 99.0% at 500oC but only produced gasoline fraction of 18.35%. The physical properties of bio-fuel produced in this condition in terms of density, viscosity, flash point, and specific gravity were less than but similar to commercial fuel. The results of performance test in a 4-strike engine showed that the mixture of commercial gasoline (petrol) and bio-fuel with a ratio of 9:1 gave similar performance to fossil-based gasoline with much lower CO and O2 emissions and more efficient combustion

scholarly journals Kinetic study of carbon monoxide methanation over mesoporous Ni-Mo catalyst prepared by a hydrothermal method

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Jiaying
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Orthogonal Design ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Weight Hourly Space Velocity ◽  
Mo Catalyst ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Orthogonal Design Method

The kinetics of carbon monoxide methanation over Ni-Mo-SiO2 catalyst were studied. The model was developed based on catalyst tests carried out in a fixed-bed reactor at a reaction temperature varied from 300 °C to 450 °C under a pressure from 0.1 to 1.5 MPa with a weight hourly space velocity of 60,000 mL h−1 g−1. An orthogonal design method was adopted to select test points with temperature, pressure, and feed compositions as factors. Based on the experimental observations, a Langmuir–Hinshelwood equation kinetic model was formulated and its parameters were estimated by fitting the experimental data implemented in MATLAB. The activation energy for the formation of CH4 was 45.4 kJ mol−1 and comparing the experimental and model-predicted data showed that the proposed model gives a reasonable fit with an average absolute relative deviation of ±9.8%.

Study of the Use of Mamasa Natural Zeolite which is Activated by Acid as a Catalyst for Cracking Palm Oil Methyl Esters

2019 ◽  
Vol 967 ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sira Sarungallo Rosalia ◽  
Lewerang Halimaking Wilhelmus ◽  
Denny ◽  
Hariani Soekamto Nunuk ◽  
Taba Paulina
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Saponification Number ◽  
Zeolite Catalysts ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Natural Zeolites ◽  
Zeolite X

A research has been conducted to activate natural zeolites from Mamasa, West Sulawesi with sulfuric acid and heating which is then used as a catalyst for cracking palm oil methyl esters. This type of research is preliminary research. The acidification process is carried out by mixing fine natural zeolites with 0.2 N H2SO4 solution, accompanied by heating at 110 °C. Then zeolite is calcined at 600 °C for 3 hours. The result of zeolite X-Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that Mamasa natural zeolite has mordenite. The crystallinity of natural zeolites is 60.8%, increasing to 68.6% after activation. Catalytic cracking is carried out by heating methyl esters (biodiesel) and active zeolite zeolite catalysts in a fixed bed reactor in several temperature variations (140, 160, and 180 °C), reaction time of 5 minutes. The results of the saponification number analysis show that cracking products have a greater saponification number (224.4 mg KOH/g oil) compared to biodiesel before cracking (220.2 mg KOH/g oil), so it is assumed that the carbon cracking carbon chain is shorter.

scholarly journals Catalytic Conversion of Residual Palm Oil in Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) By HZSM-5 Zeolite based-Catalysts

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Lukman Musa ◽  
Ramli Mat ◽  
Tuan Amran Tuan Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Bleaching Earth ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Catalytic Conversion ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Incipient Wetness Impregnation ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Liquid Biofuel

Bleaching earth is used to remove colour, phospholipids, oxidized products, metals and residual gums in the palm oil process refinery. Once adsorption process end, the spent bleaching earth (SBE) which contains approximately 20-40 wt. % of the adsorbed oil was usually disposed to landfills. The oil content in SBE was recovered by catalytic cracking using transition metal (Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni) doped HZSM-5 zeolite in a batch reactor (pyrolysis zone) and fixed bed reactor (catalyst bed). The 5 wt. % of each metallic was introduced in HZSM-5 zeolite using incipient wetness impregnation method. The main objective of this study was to investigate the performance of modified HZSM-5 zeolite for cracking of residual oil in SBE. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were characterized    using XRD, FTIR, Nitrogen adsorption, and TPD-NH3.  Liquid biofuel obtained from cracking was analyzed by GC-MS. The incorporation of metallic loaded on HZSM-5 zeolite has reduced the surface area of the catalyst that gives a significant impact to the catalytic behavior. The Ni/HZSM-5 zeolite exhibited the highest yields of alkenes as compared to others but slightly decreases the yield of alkanes whereas in contrast with the Cr/HZSM-5, the obtained alkanes were found higher than that of alkenes. In addition, the Cr/HZSM-5 and Ni/HZSM-5 favored the conversion of polycyclic aromatics to mono-aromatics, whereas parent HZSM-5 catalyst favored the formation of poly-aromatics. These results indicated that the metal loaded on HZSM-5 can promote the cracking of heavy fractions to lighter hydrocarbon thus can be used for cracking oil in SBE. Copyright © 2018 BCREC Group. All rights reservedReceived: 10th December 2017; Revised: 31st May 2018; Accepted: 10th June 2018How to Cite: Musa, M.L., Mat, R., Abdullah, T.A.T. (2018). Catalytic Conversion of Residual Palm Oil in Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) By HZSM-5 Zeolite based-Catalysts. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 13 (3): 456-465 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.13.3.1929.456-465)Permalink/DOI: https://doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.13.3.1929.456-465 

scholarly journals Kinetics of Hydrogenation of Acetic Acid to Ethanol

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 2915-2923
Author(s):  
Qiang Chen ◽  
Xuebing Zhang ◽  
Shuxun Tian ◽  
Junying Long ◽  
Xiangkun Meng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Intrinsic Kinetic

The intrinsic kinetic behaviour of catalytic hydrogenation of acetic acid in vapour phase was studied over a multi-metallic catalyst. The rate expression was derived from the sequence of elementary reaction steps based on a Langmuir-Hinshelwood-model involving two types of active sites. Experiments were carried out in a fixed bed reactor, which is similar to an isothermal integral reactor designed to excluding the negative effects of internal and external diffusion. The reaction conditions investigated were as follow:reaction temperature 275-325 ºC, reaction pressure1.5-3.0 MPa, liquid hourly space velocity (sv) 0.3-1.2 h-1, molar ratio of hydrogen to acetic acid (H/AC) 8:20. The results show that conversion of acetic acid increases with increasing the reaction temperature and pressure, but decreases with increasing the space velocity and H/AC. Furthermore, reducing the reaction pressure and increasing reaction temperature, space velocity and H/AC can improve the reaction selectivity of acetic acid to ethanol. The established kinetic model results agreed with experimental results. The relative difference between the calculated value and the experimental value is less than 6 %. The values of model parameters are consistent with the three thermodynamic constraints. The study provided evidence that the intrinsic kinetic model is suitable both mathematically and thermodynamically, and it could be useful in guiding reactor design and optimization of operating conditions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Parameters and Conditions of Process in the Ethylbenzene Dehydrogenation with Application of Permselective Membranes to Enhance Styrene Yield

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Paulo Jardel P. Araújo ◽  
Manuela Souza Leite ◽  
Teresa M. Kakuta Ravagnani
Keyword(s):  
Composite Membrane ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
Catalytic Dehydrogenation ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Ethylbenzene Dehydrogenation ◽  
Weight Hourly Space Velocity ◽  
Membrane Geometry ◽  
Secondary Reactions

Styrene is an important monomer in the manufacture of thermoplastic. Most of it is produced by the catalytic dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene. In this process that depends on reversible reactions, the yield is usually limited by the establishment of thermodynamic equilibrium in the reactor. The styrene yield can be increased by using a hybrid process, with reaction and separation simultaneously. It is proposed using permselective composite membrane to remove hydrogen and thus suppress the reverse and secondary reactions. This paper describes the simulation of a dehydrogenation process carried out in a tubular fixed-bed reactor wrapped in a permselective composite membrane. A mathematical model was developed, incorporating the various mass transport mechanisms found in each of the membrane layers and in the catalytic fixed bed. The effects of the reactor feed conditions (temperature, steam-to-oil ratio, and the weight hourly space velocity), the fixed-bed geometry (length, diameter, and volume), and the membrane geometry (thickness of the layers) on the styrene yield were analyzed. These variables were used to determine experimental conditions that favour the production of styrene. The simulation showed that an increase of 40.98% in the styrene yield, compared to a conventional fixed-bed process, could be obtained by wrapping the reactor in a permselective composite membrane.

scholarly journals Efficient Catalytic Dehydration of High-Concentration 1-Butanol with Zn-Mn-Co Modified γ-Al2O3 in Jet Fuel Production

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Wu ◽  
Hong-Juan Liu ◽  
Xiang Yan ◽  
Yu-Jie Zhou ◽  
Zhang-Nan Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Fuel Production

It is important to develop full-performance bio-jet fuel based on alternative feedstocks. The compound 1-butanol can be transformed into jet fuel through dehydration, oligomerization, and hydrogenation. In this study, a new catalyst consisting of Zn-Mn-Co modified γ-Al2O3 was used for the dehydration of high-concentration 1-butanol to butenes. The interactive effects of reaction temperature and butanol weight-hourly space velocity (WHSV) on butene yield were investigated with response surface methodology (RSM). Butene yield was enhanced when the temperature increased from 350 °C to 450 °C but it was reduced as WHSV increased from 1 h−1 to 4 h−1. Under the optimized conditions of 1.67 h−1 WHSV and 375 °C reaction temperature, the selectivity of butenes achieved 90%, and the conversion rate of 1-butanol reached 100%, which were 10% and 6% higher, respectively, than when using unmodified γ-Al2O3. The Zn-Mn-Co modified γ-Al2O3 exhibited high stability and a long lifetime of 180 h, while the unmodified γ-Al2O3 began to deactivate after 60 h. Characterization with X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption-desorption, pyridine temperature-programmed desorption (Py-TPD), pyridine adsorption IR spectra, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), showed that the crystallinity and acid content of γ-Al2O3 were obviously enhanced by the modification with Zn-Mn-Co, and the loading amounts of zinc, manganese, and cobalt were 0.54%, 0.44%, and 0.23%, respectively. This study provides a new catalyst, and the results will be helpful for the further optimization of bio-jet fuel production with a high concentration of 1-butanol.

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