Alternative Piping Material for Malaysian Fuel Gas Distribution

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zulkifli Abdul Majid ◽  
Zulkefli Yaacob
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Pipe Material ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Copper Pipe

Sistem pengagihan bahan api gas di Malaysia boleh dibahagikan kepada sistem pengagihan gas asli dan sistem pengagihan gas petroleum cecair. Sistem talian paip pengagihan untuk gas asli dan gas petroleum cecair di Malaysia menggunakan bahan perpaipan sama ada dari jenis keluli ataupun jenis plastik (paip polietilena). Walau bagaimanapun, adalah menjadi kebiasaan bagi negara–negara seperti Amerika Syarikat, Australia, Kanada, Eropah dan Jepun menggunakan paip “copper” dalam sistem talian paip pengagihan mereka. Paip tembaga telah didapati sebagai bahan yang alternatif yang sesuai dan selamat untuk sistem pengagihan dalaman. Oleh itu, paip “copper” sepatutnya turut dipertimbangkan sebagai bahan alternatif bagi perpaipan untuk pengagihan gas di Malaysia. Kertas keria ini akan membincangkan tentang apa yang dinyatakan dalam piawai dan kod antarabangsa serta tempatan mengenai paip “copper”, had penggunaan dan pengujian ke atas kandungan hidrogen sulfida dalam bahan api gas di Malaysia dalam menentukan kesesuaian penggunaan “copper” sebagai bahan alternatif bagi perpaipan. Perbandingan terhadap penggunaan paip “copper” pada sistem talian paip di negara lain dan had sistem talian paip gas di Malaysia, penilaian terhadap prestasi dan juga had penggunaan paip “copper” dari perspektif kod amalan antarabangsa dan kod amalan di Malaysia juga dibincangkan. Kata kunci: Paip “Copper”; retikulasi bahan api gas; perpaipan gas Fuel gas distribution system in Malaysia can be divided into the Natural Gas (NG) and the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) distribution system. The distribution pipeline system for NG and LPG in Malaysia are using either steel pipes or plastic pipes (polyethylene pipe). However it has become common in other parts of the world such as the United States, Australia, Canada, Europe and Japan that copper pipes are being used for their distribution system. They have found that copper is an altemative for safe and superior piping material suitable for interior distribution systems. Therefore copper pipes should also be considered as an alternative piping material for Malaysian gas distribution. This paper will discuss what the International Code and Malaysian Code of Practice has to say about copper, what are the limitations of using copper and also the testing of Malaysian Gas in order to determines its suitability in using copper as pipe material. The comparisons were made between the utilisation of copper pipe in gas pipeline installation in other countries and the limitations of gas pipeline systems in Malaysia, the assessment of their performance and the duty limit of copper pipes. Key words: Copper pipe; fuel gas reticulation; gas pipeline

Understanding Risks: Natural Gas Distribution Piping in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Lyons ◽  
Mohammad Modarres
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pipeline System ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
The Public ◽  
Accident Data ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Two hundred sixty-nine regulated pipeline system accidents caused fatalities and/or injuries in the United States between 2010 and 2018, resulting in 106 fatalities and 599 injuries requiring hospitalization. About 84% of these serious accidents occurred on gas distribution systems, which primarily transport natural gas. This study adapts probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) methods which are used predominantly in the space and nuclear industries to gas distribution systems in the U.S. Nationwide system and accident data are used to evaluate natural gas distribution system risks, estimate how many additional resources the public would be willing to dedicate to reduce or eliminate these risks, and determine which improvement areas warrant further evaluation. Recommendations regarding the overall PRA-based framework, as well as the scope, quality, and level of detail of the underlying data, are provided.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR ANALYZING AND ENSURING THE RELIABILITY OF GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN THE TASKS OF INTEGRATED POWER SUPPLY OF LARGE TERRITORIAL FORMATIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-100
Author(s):  
Николай Иванович Илькевич ◽  
Татьяна Владимировна Дзюбина ◽  
Жанна Вадимовна Калинина
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
Reliability Coefficient ◽  
Failure Rates ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Reliability Indicators ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Main Gas Pipeline

Актуальность обусловлена, с одной стороны, необходимостью активной газификации крупных территориальных образований (строящихся новых жилых агломераций, коттеджных и дачных поселков, а также крупных промышленных комплексов). С другой стороны, продолжается увеличение общей протяженности газораспределительных систем и усложнение конфигурации схем газопроводов. Перечисленные факторы влияют на надежность работы газораспределительных систем и предъявляют высокие требования со стороны потребителей энергии к безаварийной их работе. Цель. Основная исходная надежностная информация, используемая для анализа надежности газопроводов, - это интенсивности отказов его элементов: отдельных участков линейной части, газоперекачивающих агрегатов и т.д., и интенсивности восстановления этих элементов. Эти показатели характеризуют такие свойства надежности как, безотказность и ремонтопригодность. Цель исследований заключается в оценке влияния показателей безотказности и ремонтопригодности оборудования на интегральные показатели надежности газораспределительной системы (ГС). К ним относятся математическое ожидание, дисперсия и среднеквадратическое отклонение (с.к.о.) пропускной способности ГС, а также коэффициент надежности газопровода. Методы: эквивалентирования, аналитический метод на уровне случайных Марковских процессов - схема «гибели и размножения», теоремы сложения и умножения вероятностей, композиция рядов распределения; математическая модель анализа надежности проектируемого магистрального газопровода (МГ). Результаты. На основе математической модели оценки надежности проектируемого магистрального газопровода и разработанной вычислительной программы были выполнены расчеты по определению интегральных показателей надежности условной газораспределительной системы. Исследования показали, что при изменении исходных показателей надежности (интенсивностей отказов и восстановлений) элементов ГС на одинаковую величину их влияние на изменение интегральных показателей надежности ГС имеет разную силу. Выводы. На основе предложенной математической модели анализа надежности ГС показано влияние показателей интенсивности отказов и интенсивности восстановлений элементов, характеризующих безотказность и ремонтопригодность газотранспортных систем, на ее интегральные показатели надежности, в частности, на коэффициент надежности. The Relevance of the research is due to the need for active gasification of large territorial entities (new residential agglomerations under construction, cottage and dacha settlements, as well as large industrial complexes). On the other hand, the increase in the total length of gas distribution systems and the complexity of the configuration of gas pipeline schemes continues. These factors affect the reliability of the gas distribution systems and place high demands on the part of energy consumers for trouble-free operation. Purpose. The main initial reliability information used for analyzing the reliability of gas pipelines is the failure rates of its elements: individual sections of the linear part, gas pumping units, etc., and the recovery rates of these elements. These indicators characterize such properties of reliability as reliability and maintainability. The purpose of the research is to assess the impact of reliability and maintainability of equipment on the integral reliability indicators of the gas distribution system (GDS). These include the expectation, variance and standard deviation of the throughput of the GDS, as well as the reliability coefficient of the pipeline. Methods: equivalent methods, analytical method at the level of random Markov processes - the scheme of "death and reproduction", the theorem of addition and multiplication of probabilities, the composition of distribution series; mathematical model of reliability analysis of the designed main gas pipeline. Results. On the basis of a mathematical model for assessing the reliability of the designed main gas pipeline and the developed computational program, calculations were performed to determine the integral indicators of the reliability of the conventional gas distribution system. So, studies have shown that when the initial reliability indicators (failure rates and recoveries) of the GDS elements are changed by the same amount, their effect on the change in the integral reliability indicators of the GDS has a different effect. Conclusion. On the basis of the proposed mathematical model for analyzing the reliability of the GDS, the influence of the failure rate indicators and the recovery rate of elements characterizing the reliability and maintainability of gas transmission systems on its integral reliability indicators, in particular, on the reliability coefficient, is shown.

Sensory aspects of drinking water in contact with epoxy lined copper pipe

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.H. Heim ◽  
A.M. Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Sensory Analysis ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Copper Pipe

Pipe relining via in situ epoxy lining is used to remediate corroded plumbing or distribution systems. This investigation examined the effects on odour, TOC, THM formation and disinfectant demand in water exposed to epoxy-lined copper pipes used for home plumbing. The study was conducted in accordance with the Utility Quick Test, a migration/leaching method for utilities to conduct sensory analysis of materials in contact with drinking water. The test was performed using water with no disinfectant and levels of chlorine and monochloramines representative of those found in the distribution system. Panelists repeatedly and consistently described a “plastic/adhesive/putty” odour in the water from the pipes. The odour intensity remained relatively constant for each of two subsequent flushes. Water samples stored in the epoxy-lined pipes showed a significant increase in the leaching of organic compounds (as TOC), and this TOC was demonstrated to react with free chlorine to form trichloromethane. Water stored in the pipes also showed a marked increase in disinfectant demand relative to the water stored in glass control flasks. A study conducted at a full scale installation at an apartment demonstrated that after installation and regular use, the epoxy lining did not yield detectable differences in water quality.

Earthquake Response of Underground Pipeline Networks in Christchurch, NZ

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D. O'Rourke ◽  
Sang-Soo Jeon ◽  
Selcuk Toprak ◽  
Misko Cubrinovski ◽  
Matthew Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Peak Ground Velocity ◽  
Underground Pipeline ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Pipeline Networks ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ground Surface Settlement

This paper explores key aspects of underground pipeline network response to the Canterbury earthquake sequence in Christchurch, New Zealand, including the response of the water and wastewater distribution systems to the MW6.2 22 February 2011 and MW6.0 13 June 2011 earthquakes, and the response of the gas distribution system to the MW7.1 4 September 2010 earthquake, as well as the 22 February and 13 June events. Repair rates, expressed as repairs/km, for different types of pipelines are evaluated relative to (1) the spatial distribution of peak ground velocity outside liquefaction areas and (2) the differential ground surface settlement and lateral ground strain within areas affected by liquefaction, calculated from high-resolution LiDAR survey data acquired before and after each main seismic event. The excellent performance of the gas distribution network is the result of highly ductile polyethylene pipelines. Lessons learned regarding the earthquake performance of underground lifeline systems are summarized.

scholarly journals PROBLEMS ISSUES OF REGULATORY PROVISION OF PRODUCTION ACTIVITY OF NATURAL GAS MARKETS

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
A. M. Klyun ◽  
G. M. Kogut ◽  
M. O. Karpash ◽  
О.М. Karpash
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
Natural Gas Market ◽  
Supply And Distribution ◽  
International Trends ◽  
Gas Market ◽  
The Eu

The formation of the modern Ukrainian natural gas market is accompanied by profound transformations of the national gas infrastructure: the creation and operation of new market operators, the redistribution of infrastructure facilities, the development and implementation of new requirements for the effective functioning of the entire system. At the same time, this requires from all parties a verified and balances strategy for the optimal implementation of all the obligations that Ukraine has undertaken to fully implement the requirements of the EU Third Energy Package, which aims to create an effective natural gas market based on the principles of free competition, proper consumer protection and security of supply. Despite the fact that the capacity of the Ukrainian gas transmission system and gas storages is one of the largest in Europe, the unbanding process has caused a number of threats in the area of regulatory support for production activities, requiring the consolidation of specialists' efforts to form optimal solutions to the problems that have arisen. In addition, the lengthy process of reforming and reorganizing the Ukrainian gas distribution system has led to a situation where the work of a natural gas distribution operator is facing a risk of imbalance in terms of inefficient standardization of the main areas of operation to meet the EU legislation requirements implemented in Ukraine. Therefore, to develop basic directions for the future work of gas infrastructure operators, it is necessary to take into account the acting capabilities of existing system for transportation, underground storage and gas distribution (taking into account the significant number of standardized indicators defined by the existing normative documents of the former USSR) and in accordance with the trends in the development of the European gas infrastructure introduce economically and technically feasible measures to standardize performance activities. Such works have to be incorporated into integrated research programs, during which regional and international trends are to be taken into account and adapted, the results of which will be the basis for future roadmaps and programs for the development of natural gas supply and distribution systems.

scholarly journals Determining the probability of accidents on gas distribution and gas consumption pipelines

Vestnik MGSU ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1363-1377
Author(s):  
Oksana N. Medvedeva ◽  
Aleksander Yu. Chilikin
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
The State ◽  
Gas Pipelines ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
The Russian Federation

Introduction. The aim of this study is to analyze the current state of the Russian Federation gas distribution system, based on statistical material on accidents on gas distribution and gas consumption networks. The problem of ensuring reliable operation and safe operation of systems becomes most urgent in large cities and settlements with multi-stage and branched gas distribution networks, since every year the number of gas pipelines, equipment and fittings that have exhausted their design life increases. The objective of the study is to determine the causes and dynamics of accidents, identify the determining factors, develop an algorithm for quantitative assessment of the risk of emergencies and accidents at the facilities of the gas distribution system. Materials and methods. In the work, proven research methods were used, including analysis and generalization of theory and experience in the field of reliability of gas distribution pipelines, a systematic approach and mathematical modeling were used. Results. The materials on gasification of the territory of the Russian Federation using the methods of system analysis are generalized and systematized. Mechanisms of development of failures in gas distribution and gas consumption networks are considered, data on accidents are analyzed. The review of existing methods of troubleshooting and methods of assessing the state of gas pipelines, gas fittings and gas-using equipment is carried out. Methods for improving the efficiency, reliability and safety of gas distribution systems are proposed. The main results of the study are to summarize and systematize the materials of gas distribution organizations for the gasification of the territory of the Russian Federation using systems analysis methods. Conclusions. The results obtained during the analysis on the state of the accident rate of the structural elements of the gas distribution system can be used to monitor the technical condition of the system, including taking preventive measures to prevent accident incidents.

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