scholarly journals Zoonotic Bartonella species in Eurasian wolves and other free‐ranging wild mammals from Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 316-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grazia Greco ◽  
Aya Attia Koraney Zarea ◽  
Giovanni Sgroi ◽  
Maria Tempesta ◽  
Nicola D’Alessio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bartonella Species ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Free Ranging

scholarly journals Bartonella species pathogenic for humans infect pets, free-ranging wild mammals and their ectoparasites in the Caatinga biome, Northeastern Brazil: a serological and molecular study

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Campos Fontalvo ◽  
Alexsandra Rodrigues de Mendonça Favacho ◽  
Andreina de Carvalho Araujo ◽  
Naylla Mayana dos Santos ◽  
Glauber Meneses Barboza de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Study ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Bartonella Species ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Caatinga Biome ◽  
Free Ranging

scholarly journals Field Chemical Immobilization of Free-Ranging Crested Porcupines with Zoletil®: A Reviewed Dosage

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Francesca Coppola ◽  
Enrico D’Addio ◽  
Lucia Casini ◽  
Simona Sagona ◽  
Antonio Felicioli
Keyword(s):  
Induction Time ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Chemical Immobilization ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Recovery Times ◽  
Crested Porcupine ◽  
Time Average ◽  
Free Ranging

The tiletamine-zolazepam mixture is a widely used anesthetic for chemical immobilization of wild mammals due to its short induction time, good muscle relaxation, smooth recovery with low convulsions occurrence, and minimal effect on respiration. An injection dose of 7–8 mg/kg of tiletamine-zolazepam has been proven to be an effective and safe immobilizing mixture for crested porcupines under field conditions. However, the occurrence of long immobilization and recovery times, with high excitement and convulsion during awakening, were recorded. In order to reduce such side effects after recovery, the effectiveness of a lower dosage (4–6 mg/kg) of tiletamine-zolazepam (Zoletil®) was tested. The results obtained confirm that the use of tiletamine-zolazepam in crested porcupine immobilization provides a quick induction, wide safety margin, and predictable awakening under field conditions. A smaller injection dosage of 5 mg/kg has been proven to be sufficient to ensure a short induction time (average: 7.1 min), with good muscle relaxation and little excitement of the animals during awakening. The lower dosage of tiletamine-zolazepam, while providing a shorter recovery time (average: 53.6 min), proves to be adequate for standard handling procedures. Furthermore, the smaller amount of tiletamine-zolazepam also ensures safe immobilization for pregnant individuals and porcupettes.

scholarly journals Serological Prevalence of Leptospiral Infection in Wildlife in Sarawak, Malaysia

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siva Thayaparan ◽  
Ian Robertson ◽  
Fairuz Amraan ◽  
Lela Su'ut ◽  
Mohd Tajuddin Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
National Park ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Agglutination Test ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Settlements ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Conservation Effort ◽  
Free Ranging

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic leptospiral bacteria, which are transmitted directly orindirectly from animals to humans or animal to animal. The first phase of this proposed study was carried out todetermine the extent of exposure to leptospirosis in wild mammals surrounded by human settlements aroundwildlife or tourism area (Wind Cave, Fairy Cave, Bako National Park and Matang Wildlife Center). This studyreports an incident of leptospirosis among primates (three captive and two free ranging), rats, bats, squirrels andmongoose around Kuching, Sarawak area, which has been screened for Leptospirosis. Blood samples wereobtained to determine the presence of antibodies through the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) usingeighteen serovars of Leptospira commonly found in Malaysia as antigens. It was observed that four out of thefive monkeys (80%), rats (9/4) (44%), bats (20/5) (20.8%), squirrels 4/4 (100%) and mongoose (1) (100%)reacted against one or more serovars of Leptospira. In this study antibody of five serovars of Leptospirainterrrogans Copenheni, Leptospira interrrogans Lai, Leptospira interrrogans Pomona, Leptospira interrrogansPyrogenes, Lepto 175* were detected. Serovars Copenhegeni, Lai, Pomona and Pyrogenes were consideredpathogenic for different mammals including human beings. No information about serovars lepto 175 and furtherstudies going on. This is providing information on the possible zoonotic importance of mammalian species inmaintaining this disease in Sarawak. The transmission of leptospires in rats reported several incidents andbetween primates, bats, squirrels, mongoose and human is not reported elsewhere but this could create newreservoir and transmission routes and may affect the tourism, conservation effort and public health.

scholarly journals Validation of laboratory tests for infectious diseases in wild mammals: review and recommendations

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 776-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beibei Jia ◽  
Axel Colling ◽  
David E. Stallknecht ◽  
David Blehert ◽  
John Bingham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Latent Class Models ◽  
Test Validation ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
White Nose Syndrome ◽  
Free Ranging

Evaluation of the diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and specificity (DSp) of tests for infectious diseases in wild animals is challenging, and some of the limitations may affect compliance with the OIE-recommended test validation pathway. We conducted a methodologic review of test validation studies for OIE-listed diseases in wild mammals published between 2008 and 2017 and focused on study design, statistical analysis, and reporting of results. Most published papers addressed Mycobacterium bovis infection in one or more wildlife species. Our review revealed limitations or missing information about sampled animals, identification criteria for positive and negative samples (case definition), representativeness of source and target populations, and species in the study, as well as information identifying animals sampled for calculations of DSe and DSp as naturally infected captive, free-ranging, or experimentally challenged animals. The deficiencies may have reflected omissions in reporting rather than design flaws, although lack of random sampling might have induced bias in estimates of DSe and DSp. We used case studies of validation of tests for hemorrhagic diseases in deer and white-nose syndrome in hibernating bats to demonstrate approaches for validation when new pathogen serotypes or genotypes are detected and diagnostic algorithms are changed, and how purposes of tests evolve together with the evolution of the pathogen after identification. We describe potential benefits of experimental challenge studies for obtaining DSe and DSp estimates, methods to maintain sample integrity, and Bayesian latent class models for statistical analysis. We make recommendations for improvements in future studies of detection test accuracy in wild mammals.

scholarly journals An external telemetry system for recording resting heart rate variability and heart rate in free-ranging large wild mammals

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252013
Author(s):  
Sean D. Twiss ◽  
Naomi Brannan ◽  
Courtney R. Shuert ◽  
Amanda M. Bishop ◽  
Patrick. P. Pomeroy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Anomalous Data ◽  
Resting Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Artefact Correction

Measures of heart rate variability (and heart rate more generally) are providing powerful insights into the physiological drivers of behaviour. Resting heart rate variability (HRV) can be used as an indicator of individual differences in temperament and reactivity to physical and psychological stress. There is increasing interest in deriving such measures from free ranging wild animals, where individuals are exposed to the natural and anthropogenic stressors of life. We describe a robust, externally mounted heart rate monitor for use in wild mammals, deployed here on wild breeding adult female grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), that delivers millisecond precise measures of inter beat intervals (IBIs), allowing computation of resting HRV parameters. Based on Firstbeat™ heart rate belts, our system allows for remote, continuous recording of IBI data from over 30 individuals simultaneously at ranges of up to 200m. We assessed the accuracy of the IBI data provided by the Firstbeat™ system using concurrent IBI data derived from in-field electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. Bland-Altmann analyses demonstrated high correspondence between the two sets of IBI data, with a mean difference of 0.87±0.16ms. We used generalized additive mixed-effects models to examine the impact of the default Firstbeat™ software artefact correction procedure upon the generation of anomalous data (flats and stairs). Artefact correction and individual activity were major causes of flats and stairs. We used simulations and models to assess the impact of these errors on estimates of resting HRV and to inform criteria for subsampling relatively error free IBI traces. These analyses allowed us to establish stringent filtering procedures to remove traces with excessive numbers of artefacts, including flats and stairs. Even with strict criteria for removing potentially erroneous data, the abundance of data yielded by the Firstbeat™ system provides the potential to extract robust estimates of resting HRV. We discuss the advantages and limitations of our system for applications beyond the study system described here.

scholarly journals Use of feces to estimate isotopic abundance in doubly labeled water studies in reindeer in summer and winter

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (4) ◽  
pp. R1451-R1456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geir Gotaas ◽  
Eric Milne ◽  
Paul Haggarty ◽  
Nicholas J. C. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Total Energy Expenditure ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water ◽  
Isotopic Abundance ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Doubly Labeled Water Method ◽  
Free Ranging

The reliance on samples of blood or urine to estimate isotopic abundance in studies of energy metabolism using the doubly labeled water method has restricted application of the technique to animals that are either tame or easy to catch. This is generally not the case with large, free-ranging wild mammals. The use of feces as a source of body water in which to measure the concentration of isotopic markers was investigated in four female reindeer in summer and in winter.2H2O and H2 18O were injected to ∼160 parts per million excess. Samples of plasma and feces were then collected simultaneously for up to 456 h. Both isotopes were equilibrated with body water at 8 h postdose. There were no significant differences by animal between dilution spaces, rate constants, rates of CO2production, and total energy expenditure (TEE) calculated based on samples of plasma or feces in any trial. Mean TEE was 3.557 W/kg (SD 0.907, n = 4) in summer and 1.865 W/kg (SD 0.166, n = 4) in winter.

scholarly journals Patterns of Genital Tract Mustelid Gammaherpesvirus 1 (Musghv-1) Reactivation Are Linked to Stressors in European Badgers (Meles Meles)

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 716
Author(s):  
Ming-shan Tsai ◽  
Sarah François ◽  
Chris Newman ◽  
David W. Macdonald ◽  
Christina D. Buesching
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
Meles Meles ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
European Badgers ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Pcr Targeting

Gammaherpesvirus reactivation can promote diseases or impair reproduction. Understanding reactivation patterns and associated risks of different stressors is therefore important. Nevertheless, outside the laboratory or captive environment, studies on the effects of stress on gammaherpesvirus reactivation in wild mammals are lacking. Here we used Mustelid gammaherpesvirus 1 (MusGHV-1) infection in European badgers (Meles meles) as a host–pathogen wildlife model to study the effects of a variety of demographic, physiological and environmental stressors on virus shedding in the genital tract. We collected 251 genital swabs from 150 free-ranging individuals across three seasons and screened them for the presence of MusGHV-1 DNA using PCR targeting the DNA polymerase gene. We explored possible links between MusGHV-1 DNA presence and seven variables reflecting stressors, using logistic regression analysis. The results reveal different sets of risk factors between juveniles and adults, likely reflecting primary infection and reactivation. In adults, virus shedding was more likely in badgers in poorer body condition and younger than 5 years or older than 7; while in juveniles, virus shedding is more likely in females and individuals in better body condition. However, living in social groups with more cubs was a risk factor for all badgers. We discuss possible explanations for these risk factors and their links to stress in badgers.

Serological Evidence of Infection byLeishmania (Leishmania) infantum(Synonym:Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi) in Free-Ranging Wild Mammals in a Nonendemic Region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 667-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laís Moraes Paiz ◽  
Felipe Fornazari ◽  
Benedito Donizete Menozzi ◽  
Gabriela Capriogli Oliveira ◽  
Carla Janeiro Coiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Leishmania Chagasi ◽  
Serological Evidence ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Free Ranging

The efficacy of anthelmintic treatment on the parasite abundance of free-ranging snowshoe hares

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 1604-1611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis L. Murray ◽  
Lloyd B. Keith ◽  
John R. Cary
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Snowshoe Hares ◽  
Nematode Abundance ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Nematodirus Triangularis

We examined the efficacy of an anthelmintic agent (ivermectin, Merck–Agvet) on the parasitic nematodes of free-ranging snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) during 27 months in southern Manitoba. Marked hares on six 25-ha sites were injected bimonthly with ivermectin (treatment, n = 134) or propylene glycol (control; n = 149) and carcasses were necropsied to determine prevalence and intensity of Obeliscoides cuniculi, Nematodirus triangularis, Trichuris leporis, Dirofilaria scapiceps, and Protostrongylus boughtoni. We supplemented the control sample with hares (n = 175) captured off the study sites and not given propylene glycol. Mean prevalence (percentage of hosts infected) and intensity (number of parasites among infected hosts) of each nematode species decreased after treatment and were 35 – 85% lower than controls after 20–40 days. Treatment significantly reduced prevalence of D. scapiceps and P. boughtoni for about 50 days and of O. cuniculi and N. triangularis for longer periods. Overall intensity of O. cuniculi, N. triangularis, and P. boughtoni was significantly lower in treated than in control hares, and intensity of D. scapiceps was marginally (P < 0.10) lower for 50 days post treatment. Total reductions in nematode abundance (prevalence × intensity) ranged from 29 to 88% among the five species. Neither prevalence nor intensity of ticks (Haemaphysalis leporispalustris) was reduced following treatment. We conclude that ivermectin is effective at controlling nematodes in snowshoe hares but that its efficacy is variable among species. We use our results as a basis for discussing the applicability of anthelmintics to the conservation and management of free-ranging wild mammals.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium Complex in Wild Mammals in the Iberian Peninsula

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. MATOS ◽  
L. FIGUEIRA ◽  
M. MATOS ◽  
M. L. PINTO ◽  
A. C. COELHO
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Complex ◽  
Meles Meles ◽  
Fallow Deer ◽  
Wild Rabbit ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Complex Infection ◽  
Egyptian Mongoose ◽  
Free Ranging

A retrospective serologic survey was conducted for antibodies against MAC in a random sample of 623 free-ranging wild mammals killed on roads and by hunters, or found dead in east-central Portugal. Animals were tested for antibodies to Mycobacterium avium complex with a commercial enzyme linked assay. The seroprevalence of Mycobacterium avium complex infection was 4.7% (n=29; CI 95%: 25.4 - 32.7%). Antibodies against MAC were detected in 4 out of 11 animal species included in this study, consisted of 1/42 red fox (Vulpes vulpes) (2.4%; CI 95%: 0.0-4.0%), 1/6 Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) (16.7%), 1/3 European badger (Meles meles) (33.3%), and 26/109 wild boar (Sus scrofa) (23.9%; CI 95%: 17.8-34.2%). Infection was found in three taxonomic families: 2.4% (CI 95%: 0.0-4.0%) in Canidae, 16.7% (CI 95%: 0.0-37.8%) in Mustelidae, and 23.9% (CI 95%: 17.8-34.2%) in Suidae. No positive sera were found in the common genet, Egyptian mongoose, beech marten, hedgehog, wild rabbit, red deer or fallow deer. Results of the present study indicate that antibodies against MAC were present in wild carnivores and wild boars in Iberian Peninsula. According to the test sensitivity and specificity claimed by the manufacturer, the true prevalence Mycobacterium avium complex infection among wild mammals in the Iberian Peninsula was calculated to be between 10.7% and 13.6%.

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