Associations between faecal pathogen detection, E. coli concentrations and youth exhibitor biosecurity practices at California county fairs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles E. Daniels ◽  
Martin H. Smith ◽  
Andrea E. Packham ◽  
Cheryl L. Meehan ◽  
Audrey Bautois ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
E Coli ◽  
County Fairs ◽  
Biosecurity Practices

scholarly journals Investigation of the Genes Involved in the Outbreaks of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in the United States

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1274
Author(s):  
Michelle Li ◽  
Kyle Wang ◽  
Ashley Tang ◽  
Aaron Tang ◽  
Andrew Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Virulence Gene ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The United States ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Salmonella spp. and Escherichiacoli (E. coli) are two of the deadliest foodborne pathogens in the US. Genes involved in antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and stress response, enable these pathogens to increase their pathogenicity. This study aims to examine the genes detected in both outbreak and non-outbreak Salmonella spp. and E. coli by analyzing the data from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Pathogen Detection Isolates Browser database. A multivariate statistical analysis was conducted on the genes detected in isolates of outbreak Salmonella spp., non-outbreak Salmonella spp., outbreak E. coli, and non-outbreak E. coli. The genes from the data were projected onto a two-dimensional space through principal component analysis. Hierarchical clustering was then used to quantify the relationship between the genes in the dataset. Most of the outlier genes identified in E. coli isolates are virulence genes, while outlier genes identified in Salmonella spp. are mainly involved in stress response. Gene epeA, which encodes a high-molecular-weight serine protease autotransporter of Enterobacteriaceae (SPATE) protein, along with subA and subB that encode cytotoxic activity, may contribute to the pathogenesis of outbreak E. coli. The iro operon and ars operon may play a role in the ecological success of the epidemic clones of Salmonella spp. Concurrent relationships between esp and ter operons in E. coli and pco and sil operons in Salmonella spp. are found. Stress-response genes (asr, golT, golS), virulence gene (sinH), and antimicrobial resistance genes (mdsA and mdsB) in Salmonella spp. also show a concurrent relationship. All these findings provide helpful information for experiment design to combat outbreaks of E. coli and Salmonella spp.

Biosensors for pathogen detection: Mapping E. Coli gene expression in biofilm

2008 ◽  
Vol 136 ◽  
pp. S103-S104
Author(s):  
Nan Yang ◽  
Corinne Dorel ◽  
Chun Chau Sze
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
E Coli

scholarly journals Recent Progress on the Electrochemical Biosensing of Escherichia coli O157:H7: Material and Methods Overview

Biosensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasrin Razmi ◽  
Mohammad Hasanzadeh ◽  
Magnus Willander ◽  
Omer Nur
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensing ◽  
Sensitivity And Selectivity

Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) is a pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli which has issued as a public health threat because of fatal contamination of food and water. Therefore, accurate detection of pathogenic E. coli is important in environmental and food quality monitoring. In spite of their advantages and high acceptance, culture-based methods, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), flow cytometry, ATP bioluminescence, and solid-phase cytometry have various drawbacks, including being time-consuming, requiring trained technicians and/or specific equipment, and producing biological waste. Therefore, there is necessity for affordable, rapid, and simple approaches. Electrochemical biosensors have shown great promise for rapid food- and water-borne pathogen detection. Over the last decade, various attempts have been made to develop techniques for the rapid quantification of E. coli O157:H7. This review covers the importance of E. coli O157:H7 and recent progress (from 2015 to 2020) in the development of the sensitivity and selectivity of electrochemical sensors developed for E. coli O157:H7 using different nanomaterials, labels, and electrochemical transducers.

scholarly journals Predictive Models for Escherichia coli Concentrations at Inland Lake Beaches and Relationship of Model Variables to Pathogen Detection

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 1676-1688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna S. Francy ◽  
Erin A. Stelzer ◽  
Joseph W. Duris ◽  
Amie M. G. Brady ◽  
John H. Harrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Current Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Predictive Variables ◽  
Inland Lake

ABSTRACTPredictive models, based on environmental and water quality variables, have been used to improve the timeliness and accuracy of recreational water quality assessments, but their effectiveness has not been studied in inland waters. Sampling at eight inland recreational lakes in Ohio was done in order to investigate using predictive models forEscherichia coliand to understand the links betweenE. coliconcentrations, predictive variables, and pathogens. Based upon results from 21 beach sites, models were developed for 13 sites, and the most predictive variables were rainfall, wind direction and speed, turbidity, and water temperature. Models were not developed at sites where theE. colistandard was seldom exceeded. Models were validated at nine sites during an independent year. At three sites, the model resulted in increased correct responses, sensitivities, and specificities compared to use of the previous day'sE. coliconcentration (the current method). Drought conditions during the validation year precluded being able to adequately assess model performance at most of the other sites.Cryptosporidium, adenovirus,eaeA(E. coli),ipaH(Shigella), andspvC(Salmonella) were found in at least 20% of samples collected for pathogens at five sites. The presence or absence of the three bacterial genes was related to some of the model variables but was not consistently related toE. coliconcentrations. Predictive models were not effective at all inland lake sites; however, their use at two lakes with high swimmer densities will provide better estimates of public health risk than current methods and will be a valuable resource for beach managers and the public.

scholarly journals Same-Day Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 from Spinach by Using Electrochemiluminescent and Cytometric Bead Array Biosensors

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (24) ◽  
pp. 8044-8052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly M. Leach ◽  
Joyce M. Stroot ◽  
Daniel V. Lim
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Cytometric Bead Array ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Testing Procedures ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Food Borne Illness ◽  
Time To Detection ◽  
Immunological Assays

ABSTRACT Contamination of fresh produce with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other pathogens commonly causes food-borne illness and disease outbreaks. Thus, screening for pathogens is warranted, but improved testing procedures are needed to allow reproducible same-day detection of low initial contamination levels on perishable foods, and methods for detecting numerous pathogens in a single test are desired. Experimental procedures were developed to enable rapid screening of spinach for E. coli O157:H7 by using multiplex-capable immunological assays that are analyzed using biosensors. Detection was achieved using an automated electrochemiluminescent (ECL) assay system and a fluorescence-based cytometric bead array. Using the ECL system, less than 0.1 CFU of E. coli O157:H7 per gram of spinach was detected after 5 h of enrichment, corresponding to 6.5 h of total assay time. Using the cytometric bead array, less than 0.1 CFU/g was detected after 7 h of enrichment, with a total time to detection of less than 10 h. These results illustrate that both biosensor assays are useful for rapid detection of E. coli O157:H7 on produce in time frames that are comparable to or better than those of other testing formats. Both methods may be useful for multiplexed pathogen detection in the food industry and other testing situations.

scholarly journals 386 Volatiles of E. coli O157:H7 and Foodborne Pathogen Detection on Strawberry Fruit

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 510D-510
Author(s):  
K. Yu ◽  
T.R. Hamilton-Kemp ◽  
D.D. Archbold ◽  
M. Newman ◽  
B.E. Langlois
Keyword(s):  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Appreciable Amount ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Strawberry Fruit ◽  
Methyl Ketones ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Plate Count Agar

Strawberry fruit were inoculated with the human pathogen E. coli O157:H7, and the bacteria were recovered from the fruit over a 3-day period of storage at room temperature. The bacterial population was maintained on fruit when the inoculation level was relatively high and increased when the inoculation level was low. The volatile metabolites of E. coli O157:H7 growing on plate count agar (PCA) and on inoculated strawberry fruit were collected by a headspace trapping system and analyzed by gas chromatography and GC-mass spectrometry. E. coli O157:H7 grown on PCA produced a variety of volatile compounds including indole as a major component and a series of methyl ketones. A nonpathogenic E. coli also produced these compounds. However, there was not an appreciable amount of indole collected from E. coli O157:H7 inoculated strawberry fruit as compared to the large amount of volatiles produced by the fruit. Strawberry fruit were able to capture over 95% of the vapor phase indole fed to them from a neat source.

scholarly journals Influence of milk product safety and household food hygiene on bacterial contamination of infant food in peri-urban Kenya

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Hoffmann ◽  
Sheillah Simiyu ◽  
Daniel Sewell ◽  
Kevin Tsai ◽  
Oliver Cumming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Communities ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Infant Food ◽  
Milk Product ◽  
Pasteurized Milk ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Detection Frequency ◽  
Point Of Purchase

Background: Previous work in peri-urban communities within Kisumu County, Kenya, has shown that milk is a common weaning food and often contains enteric pathogens. Little is known about how milk and milk-based foods fed to infants become contaminated in peri-urban communities. Objective: To compare the bacterial indicator and enteric pathogen detection levels in unpackaged, fresh pasteurized, and ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated milk at purchase, and assess its association with contamination of food prepared with this milk and fed to infants. Methods: Paired samples of milk at point of sale and infant food prepared with this milk were obtained from 188 households enrolled as controls in the Safe Start trial. Samples were cultured to isolate Salmonella enterica, Shigella sonnei, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus spp., and E. Coli, including Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) E. coli 0157, with pathogens validated by PCR. Detection of these bacteria was compared across milk types, and between milk at purchase vs. point of infant consumption. Results: Unpackaged milk was most contaminated at point of purchase, but bacterial contamination was also present in pasteurized and UHT milk. Presence of bacteria in milk at purchase predicted presence of the same bacteria type in infant food. Contamination detection frequency and concentration level for bacterial indicators generally increased between point of purchase and consumption among users of UHT and fresh pasteurized milk, but decreased among those using unpackaged milk. Detection of the four fecal bacteria in infant food was not significantly related to the type of milk used. Conclusion: Kenyan infants are exposed to foodborne bacteria, including enteric pathogens, in milk-based foods. Both pre-market contamination and post-purchase handling influence the likelihood of milk given to infants being contaminated. Improvements in the safety of raw and pasteurized milk, and caregiver education on safe preparation and storage, are needed to reduce infant exposure to contaminated food.

scholarly journals Assessment of Biosecurity Measures and Distribution of Daily Live Bird ‎Markets in Four North-Western States of Nigeria ‎

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-18
Author(s):  
S. A. Hassan ◽  
B. V. Maikai ◽  
J. Kabir ◽  
M. B. Aliyu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Human Settlements ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Live Bird Markets ◽  
Esherichia Coli ◽  
Biosecurity Practices ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
North Western ◽  
Live Bird

Maintenance of strict biosecurity measures is essential in preventing disease spread from Live Bird Markets (LBMs) which serve as a major intermingling area for poultry from different sources. This study assessed the Biosecurity measures and spatial distribution of daily Live Bird Markets of four North-western States in Nigeria. Closed ended questionnaires were administered in 35 daily LBMs in Kaduna, Kano, Katsina and Zamfara states and identification of disinfectants used in the LBMs were noted. Swab samples of birds’ cages in the LBMs were taken for E. coli isolation. The live bird managers and marketers were all male (100%) across all the four states. Only 6(17%) out of the 35 LBMs had high biosecurity level, 69% had a moderate biosecurity level and 5(14%) were graded as low. Of the 400 Live bird marketers administered questionnaires, only 71 (18%) employ good biosecurity practices and 305(76%) were graded as fair and remaining 24(6%) as poor. Majority of the LBMs were located within human settlements without any form of barrier. There were seven main types of disinfectants identified across the all LBMs. Esherichia coli was isolated from 1(17%) LBM among the 6(17%) LBMs that were identified to have and use disinfectant. From the remaining 29(83%) LBMs, E.coli was isolated from only 5(17%) despite lacking in use of disinfectant by these LBMs. Live bird marketers should be educated on the need to adhere to biosecurity measures and practices.

scholarly journals Comparison of Antimicrobial Resistance Detected in Environmental and Clinical Isolates from Historical Data for the US

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Hua ◽  
William Huang ◽  
Albert Chen ◽  
Michael Rehmet ◽  
Cade Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Environmental Isolates ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Environmental Setting ◽  
The Us

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become an urgent public health issue, as pathogens are becoming increasingly resistant to commonly used antimicrobials. While AMR isolate data are available in the NCBI Pathogen Detection Isolates Browser (NPDIB) database, few researches have been performed to compare antimicrobial resistance detected in environmental and clinical isolates. To address this, this work conducted the first multivariate statistical analysis of antimicrobial-resistance pathogens detected in NPDIB clinical and environmental isolates for the US from 2013 to 2018. The highly occurring AMR genes and pathogens were identified for both clinical and environmental settings, and the historical profiles of those genes and pathogens were then compared for the two settings. It was found that Salmonella enterica and E. coli and Shigella were the highly occurring AMR pathogens for both settings. Additionally, the genes fosA, oqxB, ble, floR, fosA7, mcr-9.1, aadA1, aadA2, ant(2”)-Ia, aph(3”)-Ib, aph(3’)-Ia, aph(6)-Id, blaTEM-1, qacEdelta1, sul1, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B) were mostly detected for both clinical and environmental settings. Ampicillin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, tetracycline, and cefoxitin were the antimicrobials which got the most resistance in both settings. The historical profiles of these genes, pathogens, and antimicrobials indicated that higher occurrence frequencies generally took place earlier in the environmental setting than in the clinical setting.

scholarly journals Discrimination of Bacteria and Bacteriophages by Raman Spectroscopy and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 679-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay J. Goeller ◽  
Mark R. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
Direct Methods ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Spectral Signal ◽  
Surface Enhanced ◽  
Surface Enhanced Raman ◽  
Sampling Volume

Detection of pathogenic organisms in the environment presents several challenges due to the high cost and long times typically required for identification and quantification. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods are often hindered by the presence of polymerase inhibiting compounds and so direct methods of quantification that do not require enrichment or amplification are being sought. This work presents an analysis of pathogen detection using Raman spectroscopy to identify and quantify microorganisms without drying. Confocal Raman measurements of the bacterium Escherichia coli and of two bacteriophages, MS2 and PRD1, were analyzed for characteristic peaks and to estimate detection limits using traditional Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). MS2, PRD1, and E. coli produced differentiable Raman spectra with approximate detection limits for PRD1 and E. coli of 109 pfu/mL and 106 cells/mL, respectively. These high detection concentration limits are partly due to the small sampling volume of the confocal system but translate to quantification of as little as 100 bacteriophages to generate a reliable spectral signal. SERS increased signal intensity 103 fold and presented peaks that were visible using 2-second acquisitions; however, peak locations and intensities were variable, as typical with SERS. These results demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy and SERS have potential as a pathogen monitoring platform.

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