Living mulch persistence in an apple orchard and its effect on the weed flora in temperate climatic conditions

Weed Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiktor Rafał Żelazny ◽  
Maria Licznar‐Małańczuk
Keyword(s):  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Living Mulch ◽  
Weed Flora

scholarly journals ALTERNATIVE ORCHARD GROUNDCOVER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS INFLUENCE EARLY APPLE YIELDS AND MORTALITY.

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 482a-482
Author(s):  
Ian Merwin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Meadow Vole ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Living Mulch ◽  
Straw Mulch

Eight groundcover management systems (GMS) have been studied since 1986 in an apple orchard replant site. Tree-row GMS consisted of post-emergence “killed sods” and pre-emergence herbicide strips, a crownvetch “living mulch,” hay-straw mulch, clean cultivation, a close-mowed sod, and an unmowed but chemically growth-regulated sodgrass. Trees initially grew best in the straw-mulch treatment, but nearly 40% have succumbed to Phytophthora crown rot since 1988, apparently due to excessive soil moisture. Meadow vole populations have been higher, and vole injury to lower trunks has been more frequent and severe on trees in crownvetch and straw-mulch GMS, despite routine rodenticide baiting. Cumulative yields per tree have been highest in straw-mulched trees, but yields per acre have been much lower, because of the increased tree mortality in this treatment.

scholarly journals Weeds in Organic Bean Crops (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Fabaceae Lindl., Fabales)

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 110-118
Author(s):  
Dejana Džigurski ◽  
Branka Ljevnaić-Mašić ◽  
Ljiljana Nikolić
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Weakly Alkaline ◽  
Weed Flora

SummaryIn the organic bean crops (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown in open cultivation during the vegetation period of 2012, 14 weed species were found in the villages Ljutovo and Orom. The percentage of invasive species was 28.57%. Ambrosia artemisiifolia was characterized as highly invasive, Sorghum halepense as sporadically invasive, and Amaranthus retroflexus and Datura stramonium as potentially invasive species. Low diversity and low density of weed flora in organic bean crops are the factors causing a high percentage of invasive species in the floristic composition, so monitoring of these species is necessary. The weed flora dominated by therophytes (71.43%), the dominance of weed-ruderal plants (64.29%), and the presence of widespread taxa in the bean crops indicate strong anthropogenic influence and instability of the weed flora. The largest number of the weed species bloom from June to August (71.43%). According to the ecological analysis of the weed flora, the studied agroecosystems were characterized as moderately arid (F-2.36), neutral to weakly alkaline (R-3.07), eutrophic-mesotrophic (N-3.71), well-aerated (D-3.64), non-saline (S-, 78.57%) with medium humus content (H-2.86), favorable light (L-3.86) and temperature (T-4.14) regime, and with temperate continental climatic conditions (K-2.93). Correlation analysis showed that invasive weed species began to bloom later and favored well-aerated and warmer habitats compared to other weeds. PCA analysis singled out habitat aeration and salinity as the main factors separating weeds in organic bean crops.

scholarly journals Nitrogen regime of haplic Luvisol in orchards at fertilization

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 03013
Author(s):  
Elena Leonicheva ◽  
Tatyana Roeva ◽  
Larisa Leonteva ◽  
Maxim Stolyarov
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Steppe Zone ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Central Russian Upland

The aim of the investigation was to research the mineral nitrogen (Nmin) behavior in loamy haplic Luvisols of orchards located in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The seasonal dynamics of N min (ammonium + nitrates) was studied during the growing seasons of 2018 and 2019 in field experiments with apple and sour cherry. Fertilizers were applied annually in spring at doses increasing from N30K40 to N120K160. The most important factors influencing the nitrogen dynamics were meteorological conditions, productivity of trees, peculiarities of nitrogen uptake by the studied crops. Fertilization of orchards with nitrogen contributed to an increase in Nmin content by 1.5 … 5 times, depending on the dose. The dynamics of Nmin in the soil of fertilized and unfertilized plots was similar and depended on the biological features of the crops: the lowest indicator’s level in the soil under sour cherry was in July during fruit ripening, while in the apple orchard a low nitrogen content was noted in August. Studies have shown that in the climatic conditions of the Central Russian Uplands, loamy haplic Luvisols without additional application of nitrogen fertilizers can provide a favorable level of nitrogen nutrition for apple and sour cherry trees in the first years of fruiting.

scholarly journals Cooling irrigation as a powerful method for microclimate modification in apple plantation

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Lakatos ◽  
M. C. Dussi ◽  
S. Zhong-Fu ◽  
I. Gonda ◽  
M. Soltész ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Relative Effect ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Water Evaporation ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Apple Variety

Irrigation in some countries is a horticultural practice mainly used only to supply water. At the same time the use of microsprinklers have a powerful influence on the changes of temperature in orchards. When the air’s temperature is high (about 20 °C or higher) the evaporative cooling irrigation significantly decreases the plants’ surface temperature and air temperature. The cooling effect is stronger when the air is dryer. By using cooling irrigation regularly, canopy temperature can be decreased so that the beginning of blooming can be delayed. Also if the blooming is early and frost probability is high, serious damages can happen in orchards. The beneficial effect of cooling irrigation is the temperature reduction and frost protection. InMarch 2010, one month earlier than the expected blooming an irrigation system was established to produce anti-frost treatment and regulate the micro-climate of a Gala apple orchard which belongs to the University of Debrecen (Hungary). The objective of sprinklers was to cool the air by increasing water evaporation and relative humidity. The position of the micro-sprinklers was planned in three levels (around the tree trunks, a few cm near to the soil surface, in the crown region and above the crown, a half meter higher). The results showed that the water sprayed in the orchard by micro-jets influenced decisively the temperature of the plantation. At higher temperatures (around 20 °C), the drop of temperature may attain 5–7 °C. A low relative humidity of the air may increase the relative effect. When water was applied at intervals of 15 minutes for ten times a day from 8 am to 18 pm, the air, flowers and bud’s surface temperature could be kept low.At certain days when the temperature was higher than 10 °C, irrigation was used at night time in similar 15 minutes intervals, from 18 pm and 6 am. The beginning of bloom could be delayed for more than ten days. The Gala apple variety blooming dynamics was characterized by a logistic curve in the treated as well as in the control plot. In the treated plot, the curve was steeper than in the control one in spite of the equal temperatures measured in the plots. Under Hungarian climatic conditions, the method was successfully used to delay blooming dates. The main result was the diminution of the frost damage in the spring that assured apple yields.

EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MAIN PATHOGENS AND PESTS IN AN APPLE ORCHARD IN NORTHEASTERN ROMANIA IN 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 105-109
Author(s):  
Cristina Ionela Turcu ◽  
Agurița Aftudor Manolache ◽  
Ionel Perju ◽  
Simona Mihaela Chelaru ◽  
Margareta Corneanu
Keyword(s):  
Venturia Inaequalis ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Apple Scab ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Fruit Growing

"The researches were carried out in 2019 in an apple plantation with Jonathan, Golden Delicious, Starkrimson varieties grafted on MM106 in the fields of the Fălticeni Development Centre belonging to the Development Research Station for Fruit Growing Iași (North Eastern Romania). The climatic conditions in 2019 were favorable for the development of pathogens Venturia inaequalis, Podosphaera leucotricha and Monilinia fructigena. In the conditions of fungicide treatments, the varieties sensitive to apple scab on fruits were Starkrimson and Golden Delicious with an attack degree between 4.5 and 10.5%. Pest species Cydia pomonella and Adoxophyes reticulana showed a frequency of attack of 45% and 15%, respectively in the case of untreated control. The results of the studies highlight the importance of applying phytosanitary treatments correlated with climatic conditions and resistance of varieties to the attack of diseases and pests."

scholarly journals Grey and Black Anti-Hail Nets Ameliorated Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh. cv. Golden Delicious) Physiology under Mediterranean Climate

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2578
Author(s):  
Cátia Brito ◽  
Manuel Ângelo Rodrigues ◽  
Luís Pinto ◽  
Alexandre Gonçalves ◽  
Ermelinda Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Climate ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Saturation Point ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Dry Climates ◽  
Soil Proteins

The use of anti-hail nets on orchards changes the microclimate underneath the net. This might be of great importance in apple growing regions characterized by high radiation levels and hot and dry climates during the summer season. But, depending on the net colour and on the local climatic conditions, the shade promoted triggers different responses by the trees. Grey and black anti-hail nets were applied in an apple orchard (cv. ‘Golden Delicious’) located in Northeast Portugal. Under the nets a lower concentration of glomalin related-soil proteins was observed, along with an improvement on trees water status, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, total chlorophylls, N, Mg, Fe and Cu concentrations, as well as an increase in mean fruit weight. The major difference between nets was on the photosynthetic efficiency, being higher on black net in sunny days, while grey net performed better under cloudy conditions. The use of netting systems proved to be effective in improving “Golden Delicious” apple trees performance under a Mediterranean climate, mainly when the radiation reaching the plants surpass the tree saturation point for photosynthesis. Therefore, these findings anticipate solutions for current and forecasted negative effects of climate change.

scholarly journals The diversity of weed species occurring in living mulch in an apple orchard

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Licznar-Małańczuk
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Living Mulch ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Annual Weeds

<p>In a study conducted at the Research Station of the Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, weed occurrence in living mulches maintained in apple tree rows of ‘Pinova’ cv. was assessed during the first seven years after sowing. The trees were planted in spring 2004 (3.5 × 1.2 m). In the same year, living mulches: colonial bent grass, white clover and French marigold, were sown into 1 m wide tree rows. Blue fescue, the only perennial cover crop with herbicide application against dicot weeds once in the second year after sowing, was introduced in the second year after planting the trees to replace dwarf nasturtium which was sown in the year of orchard establishment. In the inter-row spaces, perennial grass was maintained.</p><p>During the first seven years, variation in weeds was observed depending on living mulch. Multi-species weed infestation persisted throughout the study period only in the case of annually resown French marigold. Perennial living mulches were significantly suppressed the annual weeds. Significant suppression of <em>Taraxacum officinale</em> Web. was found where the soil surface was covered by perennial grass sod in more than ¾. The maintenance of blue fescue resulted in significantly lower average soil coverage by <em>Elymus repens</em> (L.) Gould; the growth of this weed significantly contributed to the reduction of white clover sod and French marigold plants.</p>

Effect of climatic conditions and soil type on antioxidant compounds in organic and conventional blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.)

Planta Medica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (S 01) ◽  
pp. S1-S381
Author(s):  
MD López ◽  
P Jara ◽  
S Fischer ◽  
R Wilckens ◽  
H Serri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Vaccinium Corymbosum ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds

Impact of roof shading on building energy performance in warm & humid climatic places of India

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-64
Author(s):  
Kuladeep Kumar Sadevi ◽  
Avlokita Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
General Assumption ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Passive Cooling ◽  
Base Case ◽  
U Value ◽  
The Impact

With the rise in awareness of energy efficient buildings and adoption of mandatory energy conservation codes across the globe, significant change is being observed in the way the buildings are designed. With the launch of Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) in India, climate responsive designs and passive cooling techniques are being explored increasingly in building designs. Of all the building envelope components, roof surface has been identified as the most significant with respect to the heat gain due to the incident solar radiation on buildings, especially in tropical climatic conditions. Since ECBC specifies stringent U-Values for roof assembly, use of insulating materials is becoming popular. Along with insulation, the shading of the roof is also observed to be an important strategy for improving thermal performance of the building, especially in Warm and humid climatic conditions. This study intends to assess the impact of roof shading on building’s energy performance in comparison to that of exposed roof with insulation. A typical office building with specific geometry and schedules has been identified as base case model for this study. This building is simulated using energy modelling software ‘Design Builder’ with base case parameters as prescribed in ECBC. Further, the same building has been simulated parametrically adjusting the amount of roof insulation and roof shading simultaneously. The overall energy consumption and the envelope performance of the top floor are extracted for analysis. The results indicate that the roof shading is an effective passive cooling strategy for both naturally ventilated and air conditioned buildings in Warm and humid climates of India. It is also observed that a fully shaded roof outperforms the insulated roof as per ECBC prescription. Provision of shading over roof reduces the annual energy consumption of building in case of both insulated and uninsulated roofs. However, the impact is higher for uninsulated roofs (U-Value of 3.933 W/m2K), being 4.18% as compared to 0.59% for insulated roofs (U-Value of 0.33 W/m2K).While the general assumption is that roof insulation helps in reducing the energy consumption in tropical buildings, it is observed to be the other way when insulation is provided with roof shading. It is due to restricted heat loss during night.

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