The Spillover Effect of Trade Policy along the Value Chain: Evidence from China's Rare Earth‐related Sectors

World Economy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Chen ◽  
Zhongzhong Hu ◽  
Kai Li
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Spillover Effect

scholarly journals Upscaling of Permanent Magnet Dismantling and Recycling through VALOMAG Project

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Fernando Coelho ◽  
Shoshan Abrahami ◽  
Yongxiang Yang ◽  
Benjamin Sprecher ◽  
Zhijie Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Process Integration ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Short Loop

Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) based permanent magnets are indispensable in today’s technology-driven society. Moreover, their use is likely to increase since they are key in clean energy applications such as wind turbines, hybrid/electric vehicles, and electric bikes. They contain critical raw materials as rare earth elements are used. Indeed, permanent magnets are considered strategic materials by the EU, and their recycling represents a potential secondary supply to decrease the import dependence. The VALOMAG project is developing a technical solution to recover rare earth (RE) based permanent magnets by dismantling end-of-life (EoL) products such as computer hard disc drives, electric motors, and generators from electric vehicles and wind turbines. It also assesses two short loop recycling technologies: Hydrogen Decrepitation (HD) or Hydrogenation–Disproportionation–Desorption–Recombination (HDDR) and strip-casting for high and medium quality magnet wastes; and hydrometallurgical processes for EoL low-quality magnets. Moreover, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Process Integration with a Flowsheet simulation tool will integrate the whole recycling value chain (collection, dismantling, physical and chemical treatment options, and re-manufacturing) and assess the environmental impact and processes efficiency. A market study on the types and expected future quantities for the scrap magnets and the characterisation of the EoL magnets from hard disc drives (HDD) will be presented as preliminary results. Pre-treatment and sorting of 2.5 tons of NdFeB magnets scraps were carried out, and the two short loop recycling routes and the hydrometallurgical route are under investigation at the lab and pilot scale. The results will be used to develop a process integration and to assess the three routes through LCA.

scholarly journals A Dynamic Evolutionary Game Model of Collaborative Innovation in Manufacturing Services Industry and Manufacturing Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 1099-1108
Author(s):  
Deguang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
Producer Services ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Collaborative Innovation ◽  
Innovation Model ◽  
The One

Collaborative innovation has a significant impact on the efficiency of manufacturing services and manufacturing innovation. In this paper, a collaborative innovation model of manufacturing services and manufacturing is constructed based on the two-dimensional asymmetric evolutionary game basic model. The stable evolution strategy of the model is to be found through the solutions to the replicator dynamic differential equation of both sides of the game. The results show that on the one hand, producer services can rely on the carrier of knowledge capital and human capital to link to the manufacturing process from front to back, and form the forward and backward spillover effect. On the other hand, the knowledge elements in producer services, especially tacit knowledge, are transmitted through the modern network under the common industrial culture atmosphere in the process of continuous industrial interaction and industrial integration, which can promote the sharing and transfer of knowledge, produce interactive innovation, and finally promote the innovation of value chain.

scholarly journals Does Trade Policy Impact Food and Agriculture Global Value Chain Participation of Sub‐Saharan African Countries?

2018 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 773-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Balié ◽  
Davide Del Prete ◽  
Emiliano Magrini ◽  
Pierluigi Montalbano ◽  
Silvia Nenci
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Policy Impact ◽  
Global Value Chain ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals Rare Earth Magnet Recycling and Materialization for a Circular Economy—A Korean Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 6739
Author(s):  
Mohammad Zarar Rasheed ◽  
Myung-suk Song ◽  
Sang-min Park ◽  
Sun-woo Nam ◽  
Javid Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Rare Earth Magnet ◽  
The Republic

The Republic of Korea is one of the largest consumers and a leading exporter of electronics, medical appliances, and heavy and light vehicles. Rare-earth (RE)-based magnets are indispensable for these technologies, and Korea is totally dependent on imports of compounds or composites of REEs, as the country lacks natural resources. Effect on rare earth supply chain significantly affects Korea’s transition towards a green economy. This study investigates the Republic of Korea’s approach to developing a secure rare earth supply chain for REE magnets via a recycling and materialization process known as ReMaT. It investigates the progress Korea has made so far regarding ReMaT from both technical and non-technical perspectives. Rare earth elements are successfully recycled as part of this process while experiments at the industrial scale is carried out. In this paper, the research results in terms of the extraction efficiency of rare earth elements are discussed and a comparison with previous relevant studies is provided. This study also highlights the opportunities and challenges regarding the implementation of the ReMaT process in order to create a downstream rare earth value chain based on circular economy principles.

scholarly journals Nonlinear Characteristics of the Effect of Manufacturing Servitization on Consumer Business Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Guoqiong Long ◽  
Chong Li ◽  
Shuai Li ◽  
Tianxiang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Service Performance ◽  
Chain Extension ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises ◽  
Nonlinear Trends ◽  
Industrial Value Chain

Servitization is an important trend in the transformation and upgrading of the manufacturing industry, but whether it can significantly improve enterprise performance is the key to the transformation. Based on the sample of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2011 to 2019, we analyze the business scope of 2502 annual reports to identify the service level of consumer goods manufacturing enterprises. The results show the following. (1) The “service performance” curve shows obvious nonlinear trends and heterogeneity in different industries and different performance conditions. The curve between servitization and return on assets tends to show a positive “U” shape, but the relationship between servitization and revenue per employee obviously shows an inverted “U” shape. (2) Manufacturing enterprises with relatively low technical complexity and relatively high industry competition will reach the inflection point of service performance “U” curve more quickly and get rid of “service trap” more easily. (3) The automobile manufacturing industry invests in software development and other fields that are not related to its own advantages, which violates the correlation law of the industrial value chain, leading to the coexistence of “service trap” and “principle-agent dilemma.” The clothing and electrical appliances industries are more likely to fall into the “service trap” because they face the challenge of “Internet + manufacturing” transformation. The beverage and wine manufacturing industry has induced a “service spillover” effect, which is mainly due to its low technical complexity and service based on the industrial chain. It is proposed that manufacturing enterprises explore business growth points from the perspective of industrial value chain extension and strengthen upstream product R&D and terminal e-commerce services.

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