scholarly journals BEL1-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN 11 regulates chloroplast development and chlorophyll synthesis in tomato fruit

2018 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 1126-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lanhuan Meng ◽  
Zhongqi Fan ◽  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Cuicui Wang ◽  
Ying Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis

Manipulating fruit chloroplasts as a strategy to improve fruit quality

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan B. Bennett ◽  
Arthur A. Schaffer ◽  
Ilan Levin ◽  
Marina Petreikov ◽  
Adi Doron-Faigenboim
Keyword(s):  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Green Fruit ◽  
Functional Alleles ◽  
Sugar Levels

The Original Objectives were modified and two were eliminated to reflect the experimental results: Objective 1 - Identify additional genetic variability in SlGLK2 and IPin wild, traditional and heirloom tomato varieties Objective 2 - Determine carbon balance and horticultural characteristics of isogenic lines expressing functional and non-functional alleles of GLKsand IP Background: The goal of the research was to understand the unique aspects of chloroplasts and photosynthesis in green fruit and the consequences of increasing the chloroplast capacity of green fruit for ripe fruit sugars, yield, flavor and nutrient qualities. By focusing on the regulation of chloroplast formation and development solely in fruit, our integrated knowledge of photosynthetic structures/organs could be broadened and the results of the work could impact the design of manipulations to optimize quality outputs for the agricultural fruit with enhanced sugars, nutrients and flavors. The project was based on the hypothesis that photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic plastid metabolism in green tomato fruit is controlled at a basal level by light for minimal energy requirements but fruit-specific genes regulate further development of robust chloroplasts in this organ. Our BARD project goals were to characterize and quantitate the photosynthesis and chloroplast derived products impacted by expression of a tomato Golden 2- like 2 transcription factor (US activities) in a diverse set of 31 heirloom tomato lines and examine the role of another potential regulator, the product of the Intense Pigment gene (IP activities). Using tomato Golden 2-like 2 and Intense Pigment, which was an undefined locus that leads to enhanced chloroplast development in green fruit, we sought to determine the benefits and costs of extensive chloroplast development in fruit prior to ripening. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter, coding and intronicSlGLK2 sequences of 20 heirloom tomato lines were identified and three SlGLK2 promoter lineages were identified; two lineages also had striped fruit variants. Lines with striped fruit but no shoulders were not identified. Green fruit chlorophyll and ripe fruit soluble sugar levels were measured in 31 heirloom varieties and fruit size correlates with ripe fruit sugars but dark shoulders does not. A combination of fine mapping, recombinant generation, RNAseq expression and SNP calling all indicated that the proposed localization of a single locus IP on chr 10 was incorrect. Rather, the IP line harbored 11 separate introgressions from the S. chmielewskiparent, scattered throughout the genome. These introgressions harbored ~3% of the wild species genome and no recombinant consistently recovered the IP parental phenotype. The 11 introgressions were dissected into small combinations in segregating recombinant populations. Based on these analyses two QTL for Brix content were identified, accounting for the effect of increased Brix in the IP line. Scientific and agricultural implications: SlGLK2 sequence variation in heirloom tomato varieties has been identified and can be used to breed for differences in SlGLK2 expression and possibly in the green striped fruit phenotype. Two QTL for Brix content have been identified in the S. chmielewskiparental line and these can be used for increasing soluble solids contents in breeding programs. 

Chloroplast Development: Fine Structure and Chlorophyll Synthesis

1972 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne Rosinski ◽  
Walter G. Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis

scholarly journals Effect of kinetin and chloramphenicol on chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development in detached lupin cotyledons under low light intensity

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fortunat Młodzianowski ◽  
Ewa Gezela
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Control Material ◽  
Low Light Intensity ◽  
Dense Substance ◽  
Membrane Bound

Chlorophyll synthesis in detached lupin cotyledons under low light intensity was stimulated by kinetin at 20 mg/l and inhibited by chloramphenicol at 50 mg/1. Kinetin not only conteracted the inhibitory effect of chloramphenicol, but stimulated1 the chlorophyll syntesis to a greater level than in the control material. Kinetin accelerated the starch degradation and the development of chloroplast; its prolonged, action, however, produced some abnormalities, such as an excessive growth of plastids resulting in some cases in bursting of their envelopes, the formation and release f r om plastids of numerous membrane - bound bodies and the accumulation in released and swollen thylakoids of electron - dense substance. In the presence of chloramphenicol, some disturbances in structure of the stroma thylakoids and the appearance of vesicular structures in the stroma and the enlargement of grana and swelling of their thylakoids were observed. Kinetin prevented some of these abnormalities.

scholarly journals Mutation Mechanism of Leaf Color in Plants: A Review

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Hui Zhao ◽  
Xiang Li ◽  
Xin-Xin Zhang ◽  
Heng Zhang ◽  
Xi-Yang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Color Mutation ◽  
Development And Differentiation

Color mutation is a common, easily identifiable phenomenon in higher plants. Color mutations usually affect the photosynthetic efficiency of plants, resulting in poor growth and economic losses. Therefore, leaf color mutants have been unwittingly eliminated in recent years. Recently, however, with the development of society, the application of leaf color mutants has become increasingly widespread. Leaf color mutants are ideal materials for studying pigment metabolism, chloroplast development and differentiation, photosynthesis and other pathways that could also provide important information for improving varietal selection. In this review, we summarize the research on leaf color mutants, such as the functions and mechanisms of leaf color mutant-related genes, which affect chlorophyll synthesis, chlorophyll degradation, chloroplast development and anthocyanin metabolism. We also summarize two common methods for mapping and cloning related leaf color mutation genes using Map-based cloning and RNA-seq, and we discuss the existing problems and propose future research directions for leaf color mutants, which provide a reference for the study and application of leaf color mutants in the future.

BEL1-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN4 regulates chlorophyll accumulation, chloroplast development, and cell wall metabolism in tomato fruit

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (18) ◽  
pp. 5549-5561
Author(s):  
Fang Yan ◽  
Yushuo Gao ◽  
Xiaoqin Pang ◽  
Xin Xu ◽  
Ning Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Cell Wall Metabolism ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Magnesium Chelatase ◽  
Chlorophyll Accumulation ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening

Abstract Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a model plant for studying fruit development and ripening. In this study, we found that down-regulation of a tomato bell-like homeodomain 4 (SlBL4) resulted in a slightly darker-green fruit phenotype and increased accumulation of starch, fructose, and glucose. Analysis of chlorophyll content and TEM observations was consistent with these phenotypes, indicating that SlBL4 was involved in chlorophyll accumulation and chloroplast formation. Ripened fruit of SlBL4-RNAi plants had noticeably decreased firmness, larger intercellular spaces, and thinner cell walls than the wild-type. RNA-seq identified differentially expressed genes involved in chlorophyll metabolism, chloroplast development, cell wall metabolism, and carotenoid metabolism. ChIP-seq identified (G/A) GCCCA (A/T/C) and (C/A/T) (C/A/T) AAAAA (G/A/T) (G/A) motifs. SlBL4 directly inhibited the expression of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (SlPPO), magnesium chelatase H subunit (SlCHLD), pectinesterase (SlPE), protochlorophyllide reductase (SlPOR), chlorophyll a/b binding protein 3B (SlCAB-3B), and homeobox protein knotted 2 (TKN2). In contrast, it positively regulated the expression of squamosa promoter binding protein-like colorless non-ripening (LeSPL-CNR). Our results indicate that SlBL4 is involved in chlorophyll accumulation, chloroplast development, cell wall metabolism, and the accumulation of carotenoids during tomato fruit ripening, and provide new insights for the transcriptional regulation mechanism of BELL-mediated fruit growth and ripening.

scholarly journals SlRCM1, which encodes tomato Lutescent1, is required for chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development in fruits

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Genzhong Liu ◽  
Huiyang Yu ◽  
Lei Yuan ◽  
Changxing Li ◽  
Jie Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Chlorophyll Synthesis ◽  
Base Substitution ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence Alignment ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Tomato Fruits ◽  
Green Stage

AbstractIn plants, chloroplasts are the sites at which photosynthesis occurs, and an increased abundance of chloroplasts increases the nutritional quality of plants and the resultant color of fruits. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development in tomato fruits remain unknown. In this study, we isolated a chlorophyll-deficient mutant, reduced chlorophyll mutant 1 (rcm1), by ethylmethanesulfonate mutagenesis; this mutant produced yellowish fruits with altered chloroplast development. MutMap revealed that Solyc08g005010 is the causal gene underlying the rcm1 mutant phenotype. A single-nucleotide base substitution in the second exon of SlRCM1 results in premature termination of its translated protein. SlRCM1 encodes a chloroplast-targeted metalloendopeptidase that is orthologous to the BCM1 protein of Arabidopsis and the stay-green G protein of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Notably, the yellowish phenotype of the lutescent1 mutant can be restored with the allele of SlRCM1 from wild-type tomato. In contrast, knockout of SlRCM1 by the CRISPR/Cas9 system in Alisa Craig yielded yellowish fruits at the mature green stage, as was the case for lutescent1. Amino acid sequence alignment and functional complementation assays showed that SlRCM1 is indeed Lutescent1. These findings provide new insights into the regulation of chloroplast development in tomato fruits.

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