scholarly journals Auxin responsiveness of the MONOPTEROS-BODENLOS module in primary root initiation critically depends on the nuclear import kinetics of the Aux/IAA inhibitor BODENLOS

2016 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ole Herud ◽  
Dolf Weijers ◽  
Steffen Lau ◽  
Gerd Jürgens
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Import ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Kinetics Of

Identification and characterization of novel QTL conferring internal detoxification of aluminum in soybean

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Heng Ye ◽  
Li Song ◽  
Tri D Vuong ◽  
Qijian Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Pedigree Analysis ◽  
Length Ratio ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Al Stress ◽  
Root Length Ratio

Abstract Aluminum (Al) toxicity inhibits soybean root growth, leading to insufficient water and nutrient uptake. In this research, two soybean lines (Magellan and PI 567731) were identified differing in Al tolerance as determined by primary root length ratio (PRL_Ratio), total root length ratio (TRL_Ratio), and root tip number ratio (RTN_Ratio) under Al stress compared to unstressed controlled conditions. Serious root necrosis was observed in PI 567731, but not in Magellan under Al stress. An F8 recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between Magellan and PI 567731 was used to map the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for Al-tolerance. Three QTL on chromosomes 3, 13, and 20, with tolerant-alleles from Magellan, were identified. qAl_Gm13 and qAl_Gm20, explained large phenotypic variations (13-27%) and played roles in maintaining root elongation. qAl_Gm03 was involved in maintaining root initiation under Al stress. These results suggested the importance of using the parameters of root elongation and root initiation in Al tolerance studies. In addition, qAl_Gm13 and qAl_Gm20 were confirmed in near-isogenic backgrounds and were identified to epistatically regulate Al tolerance in internal detoxification instead of Al 3+ exclusion. The candidate genes for qAl_Gm13 and qAl_Gm20 were suggested by analyzing a previous RNA-seq study. Phylogenetic and pedigree analysis identified the tolerant alleles of both loci derived from the US ancestor line, A.K.[FC30761], originally from China. Our results provide novel genetic resources for breeding Al-tolerant soybeans and suggest that the internal detoxification contributes to soybean tolerance to excessive soil Al.

scholarly journals AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALISED PROTEIN 18 as a Novel Modulator of Root System Architecture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Šírl ◽  
Tereza Šnajdrová ◽  
Dolores Gutiérrez-Alanís ◽  
Joseph G. Dubrovsky ◽  
Jean Phillipe Vielle-Calzada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Root Apical Meristem ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Lateral Root Initiation

The AT-HOOK MOTIF NUCLEAR LOCALIZED PROTEIN (AHL) gene family encodes embryophyte-specific nuclear proteins with DNA binding activity. They modulate gene expression and affect various developmental processes in plants. We identify AHL18 (At3G60870) as a developmental modulator of root system architecture and growth. AHL18 regulates the length of the proliferation domain and number of dividing cells in the root apical meristem and thereby, cell production. Both primary root growth and lateral root development respond according to AHL18 transcription level. The ahl18 knock-out plants show reduced root systems due to a shorter primary root and a lower number of lateral roots. This change results from a higher number of arrested and non-developing lateral root primordia (LRP) rather than from decreased initiation. Overexpression of AHL18 results in a more extensive root system, longer primary roots, and increased density of lateral root initiation events. Formation of lateral roots is affected during the initiation of LRP and later development. AHL18 regulate root apical meristem activity, lateral root initiation and emergence, which is in accord with localization of its expression.

scholarly journals A single cell view of the transcriptome during lateral root initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hardik P. Gala ◽  
Amy Lanctot ◽  
Ken Jean-Baptiste ◽  
Sarah Guiziou ◽  
Jonah C. Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Lateral Root Primordia ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Lateral Root Initiation ◽  
Molecular Events

AbstractRoot architecture is a major determinant of fitness, and is under constant modification in response to favorable and unfavorable environmental stimuli. Beyond impacts on the primary root, the environment can alter the position, spacing, density and length of secondary or lateral roots. Lateral root development is among the best-studied examples of plant organogenesis, yet there are still many unanswered questions about its earliest steps. Among the challenges faced in capturing these first molecular events is the fact that this process occurs in a small number of cells with unpredictable timing. Single-cell sequencing methods afford the opportunity to isolate the specific transcriptional changes occurring in cells undergoing this fate transition. Using this approach, we successfully captured the transcriptomes of initiating lateral root primordia, and discovered many previously unreported upregulated genes associated with this process. We developed a method to selectively repress target gene transcription in the xylem pole pericycle cells where lateral roots originate, and demonstrated that expression of several of these targets was required for normal root development. We also discovered novel subpopulations of cells in the pericycle and endodermal cell files that respond to lateral root initiation, highlighting the coordination across cell files required for this fate transition.One sentence summarySingle cell RNA sequencing reveals new molecular details about lateral root initiation, including the transcriptional impacts of the primordia on bordering cells.

scholarly journals Systemic signalling through translationally controlled tumour protein controls lateral root formation in Arabidopsis

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (15) ◽  
pp. 3927-3940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rémi Branco ◽  
Josette Masle
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Lateral Root Initiation

Abstract The plant body plan and primary organs are established during embryogenesis. However, in contrast to animals, plants have the ability to generate new organs throughout their whole life. These give them an extraordinary developmental plasticity to modulate their size and architecture according to environmental constraints and opportunities. How this plasticity is regulated at the whole-organism level is elusive. Here we provide evidence for a role for translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) in regulating the iterative formation of lateral roots in Arabidopsis. AtTCTP1 modulates root system architecture through a dual function: as a general constitutive growth promoter enhancing root elongation and as a systemic signalling agent via mobility in the vasculature. AtTCTP1 encodes mRNAs with long-distance mobility between the shoot and roots. Mobile shoot-derived TCTP1 gene products act specifically to enhance the frequency of lateral root initiation and emergence sites along the primary root pericycle, while root elongation is controlled by local constitutive TCTP1 expression and scion size. These findings uncover a novel type for an integrative signal in the control of lateral root initiation and the compromise for roots between branching more profusely or elongating further. They also provide the first evidence in plants of an extracellular function of the vital, highly expressed ubiquitous TCTP1.

Application of Phytohormones to Pea Roots After Removal of the Apex: Effect on Lateral Root Production

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 195 ◽  
Author(s):  
PB Goodwin ◽  
SC Morris
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Lateral Root Initiation ◽  
Lateral Bud ◽  
Bud Growth

Removal of 2 mm of the primary root tip of Pisum sativum caused a complete halt to primary root elongation, but did not alter the total number of laterals formed. The auxins indole-3-acetic acid and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, when applied to the stump in a lanolin emulsion, increased the number of lateral roots. High levels of abscisic acid and low levels of the cytokinins N6-benzylaminopurine and N6-(γ, γ-dimethylallylamino)purine, and of the gibberellins GA3 and GA7, resulted in decreased lateral root production. Kinetin was without effect. There appears to be an inverse relationship between auxins and cytokinins in root/shoot growth coordination. Auxins, which are produced in the shoot tip, inhibit lateral bud growth but promote lateral root initiation. Cytokinins, which are produced in the root tip, inhibit lateral root initiation, but promote lateral stem growth.

Distribution of secondary root growth potential in the root system of Pisum sativum

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Yorke ◽  
G. R. Sagar
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Root Growth Potential ◽  
Secondary Root ◽  
Vertical Glass ◽  
High Growth Potential ◽  
Secondary Roots

Development of the root system of peas grown on filter paper between vertical glass sheets was studied during the period 6 to 20 days after germination. Elongation of each whole root system proceeded at alternate high and low rates. At the end of each period of low growth rate, a higher order of roots emerged. Secondary roots tended to occur in clumps. Secondary roots with the greatest growth potential occurred midway within that region of the primary root from which secondary roots emerged, and also, but less markedly, at the positions of clumps. The timing and duration of elongation of roots with high growth potential differed from that of roots with lower growth.Growth potential of secondary root appears to be partly determined at the time of root initiation. Such a process would precondition a seedling to a particular environment.

scholarly journals Transient and Selective NF-κB p65 Serine 536 Phosphorylation Induced by T Cell Costimulation Is Mediated by IκB Kinase β and Controls the Kinetics of p65 Nuclear Import

2004 ◽  
Vol 172 (10) ◽  
pp. 6336-6344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Mattioli ◽  
Andrea Sebald ◽  
Cyril Bucher ◽  
Roch-Philippe Charles ◽  
Hiroyasu Nakano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Nuclear Import ◽  
Iκb Kinase ◽  
Kinetics Of

scholarly journals Molecular determinants of large cargo transport into the nucleus

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Paci ◽  
Tiantian Zheng ◽  
Joana Caria ◽  
Anton Zilman ◽  
Edward A Lemke
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Import ◽  
Nucleocytoplasmic Transport ◽  
Biophysical Model ◽  
Nuclear Pore ◽  
Cargo Transport ◽  
Transport Receptors ◽  
Molecular Determinants ◽  
Quantitative Understanding ◽  
Kinetics Of

Nucleocytoplasmic transport is tightly regulated by the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Among the thousands of molecules that cross the NPC, even very large (>15 nm) cargoes such as pathogens, mRNAs and pre-ribosomes can pass the NPC intact. For these cargoes, there is little quantitative understanding of the requirements for their nuclear import, especially the role of multivalent binding to transport receptors via nuclear localisation sequences (NLSs) and the effect of size on import efficiency. Here, we assayed nuclear import kinetics of 30 large cargo models based on four capsid-like particles in the size range of 17–36 nm, with tuneable numbers of up to 240 NLSs. We show that the requirements for nuclear transport can be recapitulated by a simple two-parameter biophysical model that correlates the import flux with the energetics of large cargo transport through the NPC. Together, our results reveal key molecular determinants of large cargo import in cells.

scholarly journals Impact of the Central Polypurine Tract on the Kinetics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vector Transduction

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 4685-4694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bénédicte Van Maele ◽  
Jan De Rijck ◽  
Erik De Clercq ◽  
Zeger Debyser
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Import ◽  
Transcriptase Inhibitor ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Central Polypurine Tract ◽  
Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Vector Transduction

ABSTRACT Lentiviral vectors derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) show great promise as gene carriers for future gene therapy. Insertion of a fragment containing the central polypurine tract (cPPT) in HIV-1 vector constructs is known to enhance transduction efficiency drastically, reportedly by facilitating the nuclear import of HIV-1 cDNA through a central DNA flap. We have studied the impact of the cPPT on the kinetics of HIV-1 vector transduction by real-time PCR. The kinetics of total HIV-1 DNA, two-long-terminal-repeat (2-LTR) circles, and, by an Alu-PCR, integrated proviral DNA were monitored. About 6 to 12 h after transduction, the total HIV-1 DNA reached a maximum level, followed by a steep decrease. The 2-LTR circles peaked after 24 to 48 h and were diluted upon cell division. Integration of HIV-1 DNA was first detected at 12 h postinfection. When HIV-1 vectors that contained the cPPT were used, DNA synthesis was similar but a threefold higher amount of 2-LTR circles was detected, confirming the impact on nuclear import. Moreover, a 10-fold increase in the amount of integrated DNA was observed in the presence of the cPPT. Only in the absence of the cPPT was a saturation in 2-LTR circle formation seen at a high multiplicity of infection, suggesting a role for the cPPT in overcoming a barrier to the nuclear import of HIV-1 DNA. A major effect of the central DNA flap on the juxtaposition of both LTRs is unlikely, since transduction with HIV-1 vectors containing ectopic cPPT fragments resulted in increased amounts of 2-LTR circles as well as integrated DNA. Inhibitors of transduction by cPPT-containing HIV vectors were also studied by real-time PCR. The reverse transcriptase inhibitor azidothymidine (AZT) and the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor α-APA clearly inhibited viral DNA synthesis, whereas integrase inhibitors such as the diketo acid L-708,906 and the pyranodipyrimidine V-165 specifically inhibited integration.

scholarly journals Lateral Root Initiation and the Analysis of Gene Function Using Genome Editing with CRISPR in Arabidopsis

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 884
Author(s):  
Nick Vangheluwe ◽  
Tom Beeckman
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Gene Function ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Root Initiation ◽  
Lateral Root Initiation ◽  
Founder Cells

Lateral root initiation is a post-embryonic process that requires the specification of a subset of pericycle cells adjacent to the xylem pole in the primary root into lateral root founder cells. The first visible event of lateral root initiation in Arabidopsis is the simultaneous migration of nuclei in neighbouring founder cells. Coinciding cell cycle activation is essential for founder cells in the pericycle to undergo formative divisions, resulting in the development of a lateral root primordium (LRP). The plant signalling molecule, auxin, is a major regulator of lateral root development; the understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling lateral root initiation has progressed tremendously by the use of the Arabidopsis model and a continual improvement of molecular methodologies. Here, we provide an overview of the visible events, cell cycle regulators, and auxin signalling cascades related to the initiation of a new LRP. Furthermore, we highlight the potential of genome editing technology to analyse gene function in lateral root initiation, which provides an excellent model to answer fundamental developmental questions such as coordinated cell division, growth axis establishment as well as the specification of cell fate and cell polarity.

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