ThePolycombgroup protein MEDEA and the DNA methyltransferase MET1 interact to repress autonomous endosperm development in Arabidopsis

2013 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 776-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Schmidt ◽  
Heike J. P. Wöhrmann ◽  
Michael T. Raissig ◽  
Julia Arand ◽  
Jacqueline Gheyselinck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Autonomous Endosperm

scholarly journals Exogenous steroid hormones stimulate full development of autonomous endosperm in Arabidopsis thaliana

2015 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Rojek ◽  
Łukasz Pawełko ◽  
Małgorzata Kapusta ◽  
Aleksandra Naczk ◽  
Jerzy Bohdanowicz
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Restriction Analysis ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Central Cell ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
Development And Differentiation ◽  
Autonomous Endosperm

<p>Most flowering plants, including important crops, require double fertilization to form an embryo and endosperm, which nourishes it. Independence from fertilization is a feature of apomictic plants that produce seeds, from which the plants that are clones of the mother plant arise. The phenomenon of apomixis occurs in some sexual plants under specific circumstances. Since the launch of a fertilization-independent mechanism is considered a useful tool for plant breeding, there have been efforts to artificially induce apomixis. We have been able to produce fertilization-independent endosperm in vitro in <em>Arabidopsis</em> over the last few years. This paper demonstrates the methods of improving the quality of the endosperm obtained using plant and mammalian steroid hormones. Additionally, it shows the study on the autonomous endosperm (AE) formation mechanism in vitro.</p><p>This paper examines the effect of exogenous steroid hormones on unfertilized egg and central cell divisions in culture of unpollinated pistils of <em>Arabidopsis</em> Col-0 wild-type and <em>fie-1</em> mutant. All media with hormones used (estrone, androsterone, progesterone, and epibrassinolide) stimulated central cell divisions and fertilization-independent endosperm development. The stages of AE development followed the pattern of <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> wild type after fertilization. Subsequent stages of AE were observed from 2-nuclear up to cellular with the most advanced occurring on medium with 24-epibrassinolide and progesterone. The significant influence of mammalian sex hormones on speed of AE development and differentiation was noticed. Using restriction analysis, the changes in methylation of <em>FIE</em> gene was established under in vitro condition. The authors of this paper showed that <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> has a high potency to fertilization-independent development.</p>

Hypomethylation Promotes Autonomous Endosperm Development and Rescues Postfertilization Lethality in fie Mutants

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 2271
Author(s):  
Rinke Vinkenoog ◽  
Melissa Spielman ◽  
Sally Adams ◽  
Robert L. Fischer ◽  
Hugh G. Dickinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Autonomous Endosperm

scholarly journals DNA METHYLTRANSFERASE 3 (MET3) is regulated by Polycomb Group complex during Arabidopsis endosperm development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Tirot ◽  
pauline E jullien
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
Plant Reproduction ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Polycomb Group ◽  
Epigenetic Changes ◽  
Expression Bias ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Polycomb Complex

Complex epigenetic changes occur during plant reproduction. These regulations ensure the proper transmission of epigenetic information as well as allowing for zygotic totipotency. In Arabidopsis, the main DNA methyltransferase is called MET1 and is responsible for methylating cytosine in the CG context. The Arabidopsis genome encodes for three additional reproduction-specific homologs of MET1, namely MET2a, MET2b and MET3. In this paper, we show that the DNA methyltransferase MET3 is expressed in the seed endosperm and its expression is further restricted to the chalazal endosperm. MET3 is biallelically expressed in the endosperm but displays a paternal expression bias. We found that MET3 expression is regulated by the Polycomb complex proteins FIE and MSI1. Seed development is not impaired in met3 mutant, and we could not observe significant transcriptional changes in met3 mutant. Interestingly, we found that MET3 regulates gene expression in a Polycomb mutant background suggesting a further complexification of the interplay between H3K27me3 and DNA methylation in the seed endosperm.

scholarly journals Chemically-induced epimutagenesis allows bypassing reproductive barriers in hybrid seeds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filipe Borges ◽  
Jonathan Huc ◽  
Katarzyna Dziasek ◽  
Kannan Pachamuthu ◽  
Tristan Woh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methyltransferase ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Model Plant Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Hybrid Seeds ◽  
Triploid Block ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
Plant Arabidopsis Thaliana

The "triploid block" prevents interploidy hybridizations in flowering plants, and is characterized by failure in endosperm development, arrest in embryogenesis, and seed collapse. Many genetic components of triploid seed lethality have been successfully identified in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, most notably the paternally expressed imprinted genes (PEGs) that are up-regulated in the tetraploid endosperm with paternal excess. Previous studies have shown that the paternal epigenome is a key determinant of the triploid block response, as the loss of DNA methylation in diploid pollen suppresses the triploid block almost completely. Here, we demonstrate that triploid seed collapse is bypassed in Arabidopsis plants treated with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-Azacytidine during seed germination and early growth. We have identified strong suppressor lines showing stable transgenerational inheritance of hypomethylation in CG context, as well as normalized expression of PEGs in triploid seeds. Importantly, differentially methylated loci segregate in the progeny of "epimutagenized" plants, which may allow the identification of epialleles involved in the triploid block response in future studies. Finally, we demonstrate that chemically-induced epimutagenesis allows bypassing hybridization barriers in crosses between different Capsella species, thus potentially emerging as a novel strategy for producing triploids and interspecific hybrids with high agronomical interest.

scholarly journals Embryology and cytogenetics of Eupatorium pauciflorum and E. intermedium (Compositae)

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maristela Sanches Bertasso-Borges ◽  
James Robert Coleman
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Sac ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Egg Cell ◽  
Pollen Production ◽  
Polygonum Type ◽  
Total Absence ◽  
Basic Set ◽  
Autonomous Endosperm ◽  
Germinated Pollen

The embryology of Eupatorium pauciflorum indicates diplospory with autonomous endosperm development. The embryo sac is of the polygonum type and the polar nuclei mostly fuse before anthesis. The occurrence of precocious embryo and endosperm development in unopened florets, and the total absence of germinated pollen grains on exposed stigmas, as well as the absence of pollen tubes in the ovules, indicate agamospermy to be obligate and embryo and endosperm development autonomous. The study of microsporogenesis revealed the total absence of pollen production in consequence of microsporocyte degeneration before the onset of meiosis, which resulted in absolute male sterility. E. pauciflorum was demonstrated to be an autotriploid with a basic set of 10 chromosomes, each represented three times. Embryological studies showed E. intermedium to undergo reductive meiosis with tetrad formation during megasporogenesis, followed by monosporic embryo sac development of the polygonum type. The polar nuclei fuse before anthesis. The egg cell invariably attains anthesis still undivided, without precocious embryony. Meiosis of microsporogenesis results in the regular formation of 10 bivalents and the subsequent stages of microsporogenesis are normal. Stigmatic loads indicate the regular occurrence of pollination with viable, functional grains. Karyotypic studies revealed a complement of 20 chromosomes separable into 10 pairs. It is concluded that E. pauciflorum, as represented by the material studied, is apomictic while E. intermedium is sexual.

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