scholarly journals Clinical outcome and diagnostic methods of atypical mycobacteriosis due to Mycobacterium avium ssp. hominissuis in a group of captive lowland tapirs ( Tapirus terrestris )

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Marcordes ◽  
Imke Lueders ◽  
Lisa Grund ◽  
Alexander Sliwa ◽  
Florian P. Maurer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Atypical Mycobacteriosis ◽  
Tapirus Terrestris

TREATMENT OF MYCOBACTERIOSIS CAUSED BY MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SSP. HOMINISSUIS IN A GROUP OF CAPTIVE LOWLAND TAPIRS (TAPIRUS TERRESTRIS)

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Marcordes ◽  
Imke Lueders ◽  
Lisa Grund ◽  
Alexander Sliwa ◽  
W. Nikolaus Kuehn-Velten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Tapirus Terrestris

scholarly journals Epithelial processed Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis induced prolonged Th17 response and suppression of phagocytic maturation in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Tae Park ◽  
Hyun-Eui Park ◽  
Soojin Shim ◽  
Suji Kim ◽  
Min-Kyoung Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Phagocytic Cells ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Th17 Response ◽  
Surface Receptors

AbstractJohne’s disease (JD) caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a chronic, wasting infectious disease in ruminants that causes enormous economic losses to the dairy and beef cattle industries. Understanding the mechanism of persistency of MAP is key to produce novel ideas for the development of new diagnostic methods or prevention techniques. We sought interactions between the host and MAP using epithelial passage model, which mimic initial stage of infection. From the transcriptomic analysis of bovine immune cells (PBMCs), it was suggested that infection through the epithelial cells elicited prolonged Th17-derived immune response, as indicated by upregulation of IL-17A, IL-17F and RORC until 120 h p.i., compared to directly infected PBMCs. Global downregulation of gene expression was observed after 72 h p.i., especially for genes encoding cell surface receptors of phagocytic cells, such as Toll-like receptors and MHC class II molecules. In addition, the cholesterol efflux transporters ABCA1, ABCG1, and APOE, which are regulated by the LXR/RXR pathway, were downregulated. In summary, it would be suggested that the host initiate immune response to activate Th17-derived cytokines, and MAP survives persistently by altering the host adaptive immune response by suppressing surface receptors and manipulating lipid metabolism in phagocytic cells.

scholarly journals Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Infection in Zoo Animals: A Review of Susceptibility and Disease Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Roller ◽  
Sören Hansen ◽  
Tobias Knauf-Witzens ◽  
Walter M. R. Oelemann ◽  
Claus-Peter Czerny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Zoo Animals

Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (ParaTB or Johne's disease), a contagious, chronic and typically fatal enteric disease of domestic and non-domestic ruminants. Clinically affected animals present wasting and emaciation. However, MAP can also infect non-ruminant animal species with less specific signs. Zoological gardens harbor various populations of diverse animal species, which are managed on limited space at higher than natural densities. Hence, they are predisposed to endemic trans-species pathogen distribution. Information about the incidence and prevalence of MAP infections in zoological gardens and the resulting potential threat to exotic and endangered species are rare. Due to unclear pathogenesis, chronicity of disease as well as the unknown cross-species accuracy of diagnostic tests, diagnosis and surveillance of MAP and ParaTB is challenging. Differentiation between uninfected shedders of ingested bacteria; subclinically infected individuals; and preclinically diseased animals, which may subsequently develop clinical signs after long incubation periods, is crucial for the interpretation of positive test results in animals and the resulting consequences in their management. This review summarizes published data from the current literature on occurrence of MAP infection and disease in susceptible and affected zoo animal species as well as the applied diagnostic methods and measures. Clinical signs indicative for ParaTB, pathological findings and reports on detection, transmission and epidemiology in zoo animals are included. Furthermore, case reports were re-evaluated for incorporation into accepted consistent terminologies and case definitions.

scholarly journals Progressive Immunopathological Changes during Early Stages of Experimental Infection of Goats with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 427-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Munjal ◽  
B. N. Tripathi ◽  
O. P. Paliwal
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Progressive Disease ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis ◽  
Ileocecal Valve ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Positive Results

A dose of 1010 Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis was administered orally on seven occasions to produce experimental paratuberculosis infection in 10 5-8-week-old goat kids. Bacteriological, immunological, and histopathological changes, their relationships, and the efficacy of the commonly used diagnostic methods were studied during the progressive disease up to 270 days postinfection (DPI). Significant lymphocyte proliferative responses in the peripheral blood of five goats were detected as early as 60 DPI. A lymphoproliferative test was also performed on lymphocytes purified from different compartments of the guts of five infected and five control goats. Significant proliferative responses were observed in lymphocytes of jejunal compartments of all five goats, of which four had also significant lymphocyte proliferation in the blood. The ileal lymphocytes from two goats, one each at 120 and 270 DPI, had significant proliferation. The histological lesions were mainly observed in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues of the ileocecal valve, the ileum, and the terminal jejunum. Acid-fast bacilli were demonstrated in the lesions of two goats at 60 and 210 DPI. Bacterial culture showed poor sensitivity, detecting positive results for only one goat in the fecal and tissue samples at 210 DPI, whereas polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected one goat in fecal sample at 210 DPI and two goats in tissue samples at 60 and 210 DPIs, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and agar gel immunodiffusion test were found to be 100% sensitive from 180 and 210 DPI onwards, respectively.

scholarly journals Mycobacteriosis in Pigs – An Underrated Threat

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Polaček ◽  
Sanja Aleksić-Kovačević
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Dietary Nutrients ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Meat Samples

AbstractAlthough Mycobacterium avium subspecies are generally not considered food pathogens, the infections caused by these particular nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can represent a serious threat to immunocompromised population. Additionally, infections with a member of Mycobacterium Avium Compex (MAC) can affect the efficiency of BCG vaccines used for the humans. In infected animals, M. avium may be present in different tissues without apparent clinical symptoms and macroscopic lesions. Veterinary meat inspection would then fail to recognize infected animals and such meat and meat products thereof could enter the human diet. The aim of this paper is also to analyze the current control policy in Europe according to infections of pigs with the members of MAC, and point out the risks for public health. By analyzing a large number of meat samples and other dietary nutrients, different groups of authors have provided evidence to support the hypothesis that M. avium is present in the everyday environment. Therefore, food as a source of infection with mycobacteria should not be ignored. The control of mycobacteria requires a better diagnostic approach, having in mind recent positive cases of M. avium subspecies hominissuis (MAH) in an increasing number of exported pigs from EU countries to Serbia. The introduction of reliable diagnostic methods for MAH could result in decreasing the occurrence of infection in pigs, as well as in humans, having in mind that WHO reported 10 million new cases of tuberculosis-mycobacteriosis in the human population in 2015 with 21% of these cases occurring in immunocompromised individuals and children.

scholarly journals Bacteriophage-Based Methods for Detection of Viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Their Potential for Diagnosis of Johne's Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene R. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Cell Lysis ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Johne's Disease ◽  
Johne’S Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Detection Methods

Bacteriophage-based methods for detecting Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) are a potential new approach for diagnosis of Johne's disease (JD). The basis of these tests is a mycobacteriophage (D29) with a lytic lifecycle that is able to infect a range of Mycobacterium spp., not just MAP. When added to a test sample, the phages will bind to and infect mycobacterial cells present. If the host mycobacterial cells are viable, the phages will take over the metabolic machinery of the cells to replicate and produce multiple copies of themselves (phage amplification), before weakening the host cell walls by enzyme action and causing cell lysis. Cell lysis releases the host cell contents, which will include ATP, various enzymes, mycobacterial host DNA and progeny D29 phages; all of which can become the target of subsequent endpoint detection methods. For MAP detection the released host DNA and progeny phages have principally been targeted. As only viable mycobacterial cells will support phage amplification, if progeny phages or host DNA are detected in the test sample (by plaque assay/phage ELISA or qPCR, respectively) then viable mycobacteria were present. This mini-review will seek to: clearly explain the basis of the phage-based tests in order to aid understanding; catalog modifications made to the original plaque assay-based phage amplification assay (FASTPlaqueTB™) over the years; and summarize the available evidence pertaining to the performance of the various phage assays for testing veterinary specimens (bovine milk, blood and feces), relative to current JD diagnostic methods (culture, fecal PCR, and blood-ELISA).

scholarly journals DDH Diagnosis: What do we Know so Far?

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 469-477
Author(s):  
Saeed Al-Naser ◽  
Anas A.R. Altamimi
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Clinical Examination ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Radiological Diagnosis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Ultrasound Scanning

Background: Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) is a common disease worldwide. The success of treatment depends on making an early and accurate diagnosis using clinical examination and imaging. Diagnosis of DDH patients is challenging and controversial, and many cases still present late. There is still a lack of consensus among health care providers regarding the diagnostic methods in terms of interpretation, accuracy and appropriate timing. The clinical practice seems to widely vary between healthcare providers in different parts of the world. Aims: We aim to provide a clear pathway to help healthcare professionals from different disciplines in diagnosing DDH at the earliest age possible in order to start an effective treatment and avoid complex procedures and unnecessary complications. We also aim to provide an extensive review that will provide a standardized reference detailing the whole diagnostic process in order to improve the clinical outcome and save resources. Methods: We reviewed the relevant literature using Pubmed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane library and looked into the references lists of all of these papers to gather all the available evidence. All papers were carefully critiqued to use the most rigorous in the conclusions of this review. We included articles discussing clinical examination and radiological diagnosis. Papers discussing the most used clinical examination tests and the timing of clinical evaluation were reviewed. Also, we looked into papers discussing radiological diagnosis using ultrasound scanning and standard radiographs in terms of sensitivity, specificity and reliability and their relation to patient’s age and other variables. Results: DDH diagnosis must start at a very young age by repeated examination using specific clinical tests looking mainly for signs of major instability. Ultrasound scanning is the investigation of choice in screening and early diagnosis, and the Graf method seems to be the most reliable method. X-rays are not reliable in early diagnosis, especially in the first four months of life, and can lead to over-diagnosis, particularly when using the Acetabular Index as the sole measurement tool. Conclusion: DDH diagnosis has many controversies, and the practice is still widely variable. This review provides an evidence-based, updated pathway for early DDH diagnosis in order to improve the clinical outcome, avoid complications, reduce the need for surgical treatment and save public resources. It highlights some malpractices that are still used in the diagnostic process. The review provides a standardized reference to doctors from different specialties and with different experience levels who are tasked with assessing children for DDH.

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