scholarly journals An Egyptian HPAI H5N1 isolate from clade 2.2.1.2 is highly pathogenic in an experimentally infected domestic duck breed (Sudani duck)

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 859-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Samir ◽  
M. Hamed ◽  
F. Abdallah ◽  
V. Kinh Nguyen ◽  
E. A. Hernandez-Vargas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Duck ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
H5n1 Isolate ◽  
Hpai H5n1

scholarly journals Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wild–Domestic Bird Interface in Europe: Future Directions for Research and Surveillance

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Josanne H. Verhagen ◽  
Ron A. M. Fouchier ◽  
Nicola Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Domestic Bird ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
Host Identification

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those caused by H5 viruses derived from the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage that emerged in southeast Asia in 1996—have been occuring with increasing frequency in Europe. Between 2005 and 2020, at least ten HPAI H5 incursions were identified in Europe resulting in mass mortalities among poultry and wild birds. Until 2009, the HPAI H5 virus outbreaks in Europe were caused by HPAI H5N1 clade 2.2 viruses, while from 2014 onwards HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses dominated outbreaks, with abundant genetic reassortments yielding subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, H5N6 and H5N8. The majority of HPAI H5 virus detections in wild and domestic birds within Europe coincide with southwest/westward fall migration and large local waterbird aggregations during wintering. In this review we provide an overview of HPAI H5 virus epidemiology, ecology and evolution at the interface between poultry and wild birds based on 15 years of avian influenza virus surveillance in Europe, and assess future directions for HPAI virus research and surveillance, including the integration of whole genome sequencing, host identification and avian ecology into risk-based surveillance and analyses.

scholarly journals Identification the Presence of Clade 2.3.2.1c-Avian Influenza H5N1, a Highly Pathogenic Virus in Iraq, 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-194
Author(s):  
Furkan Alaraji ◽  
Hussam Muhsen ◽  
Abdullah O. Alhatami ◽  
Yahia Ismail Khudhair
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Serological Test ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Glycoprotein Gene ◽  
Pathogenic Virus ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
First Time ◽  
Clade 2.3.2.1C ◽  
Influenza H5n1

Abstract For the first time in Iraq, we identified in March, 2018 the presence of a highly virulent avian influenza virus (AIV), H5N1 (Clade 2.3.2.1c), causing highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry farms, Iraq,. The identification of the virus was done using a rapid serological test, a real time-qPCR, and glycoprotein gene sequencing. Using sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, the clade 2.3.2.1c virus was recorded to be clustered, with high similarity to Asian and West African AIV, HPAI H5N1 from Ivory Coast identified in 2015. According to our knowledge, there was no previous detection of the clade 2.3.2.1c made in Iraq. Our results provide evidence that high risk of HPAI H5 outbreaks might be present in Iraq, and this needs to lead to high quality surveillance targeting of wild and domestic birds for early diagnosis of HPAI. The current work provides feasible and accurate approaches for understanding the evolution of HPAI H5 virus in different countries around the world.

scholarly journals Cloning recombinant pHW2000 vector carrying the HA gene for preparation of the primary influenza A/H5N1 vaccine strain

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1S) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Thu Hang ◽  
Hoang Thi Thu Hang ◽  
Nguyen Hung Chi ◽  
Chu Hoang Ha ◽  
Nguyen Trung Nam
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Ha Gene ◽  
H5n1 Influenza ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
Clade 2.3.2.1C

Influenza A/H5N1 virus evolves rapidly and generate new variants, therefore it is essential to develop effective vaccines against the currently circulating influenza strains. Among clades and subclades of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses circulating in Vietnam, H5N1 clade 1.1 and clade 2.3.2.1c possess genetic relationships to many strains of influenza; thus they are suggested to be used for producing vaccines against avian influenza. In this article, two HA gene segments of two types of A/H5N1 influenza clade have been designed: HA clade 1.1 gene consists 1825 nucleotides encoding 565 amino acids, HA clade 2.3.2.1c gene consists 1822 nucleotides, encoding 564 amino acids. Most importantly, nucleotide sequence of the pathogenic region of HA was removed. Each of the two HA segments corresponding to the two clades were successfully cloned into pHW2000 vector and will be used as a candidate for production of avian influenza vaccines using reverse genetics technique.  

scholarly journals Proteomics Analysis of Differential Expression of Lung Proteins In Response To Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection In Chicken

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Periyasamy Vijayakumar ◽  
Ashwin Ashok Raut ◽  
Santhalembi Chingtham ◽  
Harshad V Murugkar ◽  
Diwakar D. Kulkarni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
H5n1 Virus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Hpai H5n1

Abstract Elucidation of molecular pathogenesis underlying virus-host interaction is important for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infection in chicken. However, chicken HPAI viral pathogenesis is not completely understood. To elucidate the intracellular signaling pathways and critical host proteins associated with influenza pathogenesis, we characterized the lung proteome of chicken infected with HPAI H5N1 virus (A/duck/India/02CA10/2011/Agartala). The chicken mass spectra data sets comprised1, 47, 451 MS scans and 19, 917 MS/MS scans. At local FDR 5% level, we identified total 3313 chicken proteins with presence of at least one unique peptide. At 12 hrs, 247 proteins are downregulated while 1754 proteins are downregulated at 48 hrs indicating that the host has succumbed to infection. There is expression of proteins of the predominant signaling pathways, such as TLR, RLR, NLR and JAK-STAT signaling. Activation of these pathways is associated with cytokine storm effect and thus may be the cause of severity of HPAI H5N1 infection in chicken. Further we identified proteins like MyD88, IKBKB, IRAK4, RELA, and MAVS involved in the critical signaling pathways and some other novel proteins (HNF4A, ELAVL1, FN1, COPS5, CUL1, BRCA1 and FYN) as main hub proteins that might play important roles in influenza pathogenesis in chicken. Taken together, we characterized the signaling pathways and the proteomic determinants responsible for disease pathogenesis in chicken infected with HPAI H5N1 virus.

scholarly journals Haemagglutinin displayed on the surface of Lactococcus lactis confers broad cross-clade protection against different H5N1 viruses in chickens

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Lei ◽  
Tong Gao ◽  
Qianhong Cen ◽  
Xiaojue Peng
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Lactococcus Lactis ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Lethal Challenge ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
Ha Protein ◽  
Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin ◽  
Influenza H5n1

Abstract Background The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus poses a potential threat to the poultry industry. The currently available avian influenza H5N1 vaccines for poultry are clade-specific. Therefore, an effective vaccine for preventing and controlling H5N1 viruses belonging to different clades needs to be developed. Results Recombinant L. lactis/pNZ8148-Spax-HA was generated, and the influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA) protein of A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) was displayed on the surface of Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis). Spax was used as an anchor protein. Chickens vaccinated orally with unadjuvanted L. lactis/pNZ8148-Spax-HA could produce significant humoral and mucosal responses and neutralizing activities against H5N1 viruses belonging to different clades. Importantly, unadjuvanted L. lactis/pNZ8148-Spax-HA conferred cross-clade protection against lethal challenge with different H5N1 viruses in the chicken model. Conclusion This study provides insights into the cross-clade protection conferred by unadjuvanted L. lactis/pNZ8148-Spax-HA, and the results might help the establishment of a promising platform for the development of a safe and effective H5N1 cross-clade vaccine for poultry.

scholarly journals The Pattern of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Outbreaks in South Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chowdhury ◽  
Hossain ◽  
Ghosh ◽  
Ghosh ◽  
Hossain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
World Health ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Hpai H5n1

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has caused severe illnesses in poultry and in humans. More than 15,000 outbreaks in domestic birds from 2005 to 2018 and 861 human cases from 2003 to 2019 were reported across the world to OIE (Office International des Epizooties) and WHO (World Health Organization), respectively. We reviewed and summarized the spatial and temporal distribution of HPAI outbreaks in South Asia. During January 2006 to June 2019, a total of 1063 H5N1 outbreaks in birds and 12 human cases for H5N1 infection were reported to OIE and WHO, respectively. H5N1 outbreaks were detected more in the winter season than the summer season (RR 5.11, 95% CI: 4.28–6.1). Commercial poultry were three times more likely to be infected with H5N1 than backyard poultry (RR 3.47, 95% CI: 2.99–4.01). The highest number of H5N1 outbreaks was reported in 2008, and the smallest numbers were reported in 2014 and 2015. Multiple subtypes of avian influenza viruses and multiple clades of H5N1 virus were detected. Early detection and reporting of HPAI viruses are needed to control and eliminate HPAI in South Asia.

scholarly journals Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) Landscape Suitability Varies by Wetland Habitats and the Degree of Interface between Wild Waterfowl and Poultry in India

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1290
Author(s):  
Michael G. Walsh ◽  
Siobhan M. Mor ◽  
Shah Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Local Scale ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Wetland Habitat ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
Landscape Suitability ◽  
Wild Waterfowl

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, subtype H5N1, constitutes one of the world’s most important health and economic concerns given the catastrophic impact of epizootics on the poultry industry, the high mortality attending spillover in humans, and its potential as a source subtype for a future pandemic. Nevertheless, we still lack an adequate understanding of HPAI H5N1 epidemiology and infection ecology. The nature of the wild waterfowl–poultry interface, and the sharing of diverse wetland habitat among these birds, currently underscore important knowledge gaps. India has emerged as a global hotspot for HPAI H5N1, while also providing critical wintering habitat for many species of migratory waterfowl and year-round habitat for several resident waterfowl species. The current study sought to examine the extent to which the wild waterfowl–poultry interface, varied wetland habitat, and climate influence HPAI H5N1 epizootics in poultry in India. Using World Organisation for Animal Health reported outbreaks, this study showed that the wild waterfowl–poultry interface and lacustrine, riparian, and coastal marsh wetland systems were strongly associated with landscape suitability, and these relationships varied by scale. Although increasing poultry density was associated with increasing risk, this was only the case in the absence of wild waterfowl habitat, and only at a local scale. In landscapes increasingly shared between wild waterfowl and poultry, suitability was greater among lower density poultry, again at a local scale only. These findings provide further insight into the occurrence of HPAI H5N1 in India and suggest important landscape targets for blocking the waterfowl–poultry interface to interrupt virus transmission and prevent future outbreaks.

scholarly journals Mortality and Pathology Associated with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 Outbreaks in Commercial Poultry Production Systems in Nigeria

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olatunde Babatunde Akanbi ◽  
Victor Olusegun Taiwo
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Hpai H5n1 ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
The One ◽  
Influenza H5n1

Commercial layer-type, pullet, cockerel, and broiler chicken flocks infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in Nigeria between 2006 and 2008 were investigated for morbidity, mortality, and pathology. Of the one hundred and fifty-three (153) farms confirmed with HPAI infection, one hundred and twenty-seven (127) were layer-type farms, nine (9) were pullet and broiler farms each, and eight (8) were cockerel rearing farms. This study revealed the morbidity and mortality of a total of 939,620 commercial layer chickens, 16,421 pullets, 3,109 cockerels, and 6,433 broilers. Mortality rates were 11.11% in commercial layers, 26.84% in pullets, 45.51% in cockerels, and 73.92% in broilers in a total of eighteen (18) states and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. A total of 316 carcasses were examined of which 248 were commercial layer, 25 were pullet, 14 were cockerel, and 29 were broiler. Main clinical and pathologic findings were observed in the nervous, circulatory, respiratory, integumentary, musculoskeletal, hemopoietic, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems and, occasionally, lesions were generally nonspecific and multisystemic. Lesions occurred more frequently, severely, and in most of the carcasses examined, irrespective of chicken type.

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