Phylogenetic relationships and convergent evolution of ocean-shore ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Trechinae:Bembidionand relatives)

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Maddison ◽  
Munetoshi Maruyama
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Ground Beetles ◽  
Ocean Shore

Phylogenetic relationships and evolution of the Japanese Carabinae ground beetles based on mitochondrial ND5 gene sequences

1996 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Hui Su ◽  
Takeshi Ohama ◽  
Tokindo S. Okada ◽  
Keiko Nakamura ◽  
Ryosuke Ishikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Ground Beetles ◽  
Gene Sequences ◽  
Nd5 Gene

scholarly journals The phylogenetic relationships of neosuchian crocodiles and their implications for the convergent evolution of the longirostrine condition

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian S Groh ◽  
Paul Upchurch ◽  
Paul M Barrett ◽  
Julia J Day
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Continuous Data ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

Abstract Since their origin in the Late Triassic, crocodylomorphs have had a long history of evolutionary change. Numerous studies examined their phylogeny, but none have attempted to unify their morphological characters into a single, combined dataset. Following a comprehensive review of published character sets, we present a new dataset for the crocodylomorph clade Neosuchia consisting of 569 morphological characters for 112 taxa. For the first time in crocodylian phylogenetic studies, quantitative variation was treated as continuous data (82 characters). To provide the best estimate of neosuchian relationships, and to investigate the origins of longirostry, these data were analysed using a variety of approaches. Our results show that equally weighted parsimony and Bayesian methods cluster unrelated longirostrine forms together, producing a topology that conflicts strongly with their stratigraphic distributions. By contrast, applying extended implied weighting improves stratigraphic congruence and removes longirostrine clustering. The resulting topologies resolve the major neosuchian clades, confirming several recent hypotheses regarding the phylogenetic placements of particular species (e.g. Baryphracta deponiae as a member of Diplocynodontinae) and groups (e.g. Tethysuchia as non-eusuchian neosuchians). The longirostrine condition arose at least three times independently by modification of the maxilla and premaxilla, accompanied by skull roof changes unique to each longirostrine clade.

scholarly journals Convergent evolution of ‘creepers’ in the Hawaiian honeycreeper radiation

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn M Reding ◽  
Jeffrey T Foster ◽  
Helen F James ◽  
H. Douglas Pratt ◽  
Robert C Fleischer
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Adaptive Radiation ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
Hawaiian Honeycreepers ◽  
Mtdna Introgression

Natural selection plays a fundamental role in the ecological theory of adaptive radiation. A prediction of this theory is the convergent evolution of traits in lineages experiencing similar environments. The Hawaiian honeycreepers are a spectacular example of adaptive radiation and may demonstrate convergence, but uncertainty about phylogenetic relationships within the group has made it difficult to assess such evolutionary patterns. We examine the phylogenetic relationships of the Hawaii creeper ( Oreomystis mana ), a bird that in a suite of morphological, ecological and behavioural traits closely resembles the Kauai creeper ( Oreomystis bairdi ), but whose mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and osteology suggest a relationship with the amakihis ( Hemignathus in part) and akepas ( Loxops ). We analysed nuclear DNA sequence data from 11 relevant honeycreeper taxa and one outgroup to test whether the character contradiction results from historical hybridization and mtDNA introgression, or convergent evolution. We found no evidence of past hybridization, a phenomenon that remains undocumented in Hawaiian honeycreepers, and confirmed mtDNA and osteological evidence that the Hawaii creeper is most closely related to the amakihis and akepas. Thus, the morphological, ecological and behavioural similarities between the evolutionarily distant Hawaii and Kauai creepers represent an extreme example of convergent evolution and demonstrate how natural selection can lead to repeatable evolutionary outcomes.

Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Hypnea (Cystocloniaceae, Rhodophyta): convergent evolution and its implications in the infrageneric classification

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 563-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscila Barreto de Jesus ◽  
Fabio Nauer ◽  
Goia de Mattos Lyra ◽  
Valter Loureiro de Araújo ◽  
Igor Araújo Santos de Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Infrageneric Classification ◽  
Taxonomic History ◽  
Commercial Source ◽  
Morphological Differences

Abstract Hypnea is a monophyletic genus with a complex nomenclatural and taxonomic history, and is an important commercial source of carrageenan. Phylogenies of this genus have been accessed based primarily on Asian species; however, recent studies performed in South America revealed a great diversity of species, for which phylogenetic relationships need to be evaluated. Three infrageneric sections are recognized in the genus: Pulvinatae, Spinuligerae, and Virgatae; however, morphological and molecular circumscriptions within each section lack clarity. In this study, we analyzed three distinct markers to establish phylogenetic relationships among Hypnea species. To assign each species to the correct section, morphological data were obtained from original descriptions, reference literature, and comparisons with type/topotype and herbaria specimens. Our analyses recovered robust phylogenies for the genus and provided new insights on the taxonomic status and relationships among and within Hypnea species. The combination of three genetic markers increased the resolution and support, resulting in the largest and best-resolved phylogeny of the genus to date. Single and combined analyses revealed that the three sections of the genus Hypnea are taxonomically irrelevant, as currently recognized. Morphological differences are not associated with monophyletic groups and similarities among clades could be better explained by convergent evolution in thallus habit.

scholarly journals Determining the probability of hemiplasy in the presence of incomplete lineage sorting and introgression

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S Hibbins ◽  
Matthew JS Gibson ◽  
Matthew W Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Consideration ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Incomplete Lineage Sorting ◽  
Large Datasets ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Gene Trees ◽  
Lineage Sorting ◽  
Statistical Inferences ◽  
Biological Sources

The incongruence of character states with phylogenetic relationships is often interpreted as evidence of convergent evolution. However, trait evolution along discordant gene trees can also generate these incongruences – a phenomenon known as hemiplasy. Classic comparative methods do not account for discordance, resulting in incorrect inferences about the number, timing, and direction of trait transitions. Biological sources of discordance include incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and introgression, but only ILS has received theoretical consideration in the context of hemiplasy. Here, we present a model that shows introgression makes hemiplasy more likely, such that methods that account for ILS alone will be conservative. We also present a method and software (HeIST) for making statistical inferences about the probability of hemiplasy and homoplasy in large datasets that contain both ILS and introgression. We apply our methods to two empirical datasets, finding that hemiplasy is likely to contribute to the observed trait incongruences in both.

scholarly journals Assessing bivalve phylogeny using Deep Learning and Computer Vision approaches

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Kiel
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Classification Tasks

ABSTRACTPhylogenetic analyses using morphological data currently require hand-crafted character matrices, limiting the number of taxa that can be included. Here I explore how Deep Learning and Computer Vision approaches typically applied to image classification tasks, may be used to infer phylogenetic relationships among bivalves. A convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained on thousands of images showing species of 75 bivalve families. The predictions of the CNN on a large number of bivalve images are then interpreted as an indication of how similar these bivalves are to each other, are averaged by the families to which the species belonged, and visualized in a cluster diagram. In this cluster diagram, significantly more families clustered with members of their subclasses than expected by chance, confirming the feasibility of the approach. To address the issue of convergent evolution, two further CNNs were trained, on the same images but grouped by the orders and subclasses to which the species belonged. Combining predictions for the same images but on different taxonomic levels improved the inferred phylogenetic relationships also of families that the CNNs had not been trained on. Finally, this combined tree is merged with five published phylogenetic trees into a supertree, representing the largest single phylogeny of the Bivalvia to date, encompassing 128 families, including six exclusively fossil families and nine extant families for which presently no molecular data are available. Issues inherent to the approach and suggestions for future directions are discussed.

Architecture of Radiolitid Rudist (Mollusca) Shell-Wall Structures and its Phylogenetic Implications

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 686-687
Author(s):  
David H. Sturm ◽  
Bob F. Perkins
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
Shell Microstructure ◽  
Shell Wall ◽  
Wall Structures ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications ◽  
Cellular Wall ◽  
Superfamily Analysis ◽  
Central Texas

Each of the seven families of rudists (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Hippuritacea) is characterized by distinctive shell-wall architectures which reflect phylogenetic relationships within the superfamily. Analysis of the complex, calcareous, cellular wall of the attached valve of the radiolite rudist Eoradiolites davidsoni (Hill) from the Comanche Cretaceous of Central Texas indicates that its wall architecture is an elaboration of the simpler monopleurid rudist wall and supports possible radiolite-monopleurid relationships.Several well-preserved specimens of E. davidsoni were sectioned, polished, etched, and carbon and gold coated for SEM examination. Maximum shell microstructure detail was displayed by etching with a 0.7% HC1 solution from 80 to 100 seconds.The shell of E. davidsoni comprises a large, thick-walled, conical, attached valve (AV) and a small, very thin, operculate, free valve (FV) (Fig. 1a). The AV shell is two-layered with a thin inner wall, in which original structures are usually obliterated by recrystallization, and a thick, cellular, outer wall.

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