scholarly journals Leveraging cultural narratives to promote trait inferences rather than stereotype activation during person perception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasana T. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Person Perception ◽  
Cultural Narratives ◽  
Stereotype Activation ◽  
Trait Inferences

The effect of stereotype activation on spontaneous inferences

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Pei Wang ◽  
Ai-hua Tao ◽  
Fan Gao ◽  
Yi-wen Xie
Keyword(s):  
Chinese People ◽  
Stereotype Activation ◽  
Spontaneous Trait Inferences ◽  
Probe Recognition ◽  
Trait Inferences ◽  
Situational Information ◽  
Chinese Undergraduates

We adopted the probe recognition paradigm to examine the effect of stereotype activation on spontaneous inferences among Chinese undergraduates (N = 48). First, behavioral sentences involving trait-implying behavior and corresponding situational information were simultaneously presented. We then selected stereotype labels of the actor's behavior that were consistent or inconsistent with the behavior, and which were activated either supraliminally or subliminally. The results showed that whether a stereotype was activated supraliminally or subliminally, the influence on spontaneous inferences was the same. Specifically, when the stereotype was inconsistent with the actor's behavior, spontaneous situational inferences were facilitated, and when the stereotype was consistent with the actor's behavior, spontaneous trait inferences were not facilitated. As Chinese people may be more prone to spontaneous (vs. trait) inferences, this indicates that human inferences are deeply influenced by culture.

scholarly journals Stereotype-based priming without stereotype activation: A tale of two priming tasks

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 1939-1948 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitra Tsamadi ◽  
Johanna K Falbén ◽  
Linn M Persson ◽  
Marius Golubickis ◽  
Siobhan Caughey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Bias ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Drift Diffusion Model ◽  
Response Priming ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Stereotype Activation ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Automatic Activation ◽  
Response Biases

An extensive literature has demonstrated stereotype-based priming effects. What this work has only recently considered, however, is the extent to which priming is moderated by the adoption of different sequential-priming tasks and the attendant implications for theoretical treatments of person perception. In addition, the processes through which priming arises (i.e., stimulus and/or response biases) remain largely unspecified. Accordingly, here we explored the emergence and origin of stereotype-based priming using both semantic- and response-priming tasks. Corroborating previous research, a stereotype-based priming effect only emerged when a response-priming (vs. semantic-priming) task was used. A further hierarchical drift diffusion model analysis revealed that this effect was underpinned by differences in the evidential requirements of response generation (i.e., a response bias), such that less evidence was needed when generating stereotype-consistent compared with stereotype-inconsistent responses. Crucially, information uptake (i.e., stimulus bias, efficiency of target processing) was faster for stereotype-inconsistent than stereotype-consistent targets. This reveals that stereotype-based priming originated in a response bias rather than the automatic activation of stereotypes. The theoretical implications of these findings are considered.

scholarly journals Psychological trait inferences from women’s clothing: human and machine prediction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannes Rosenbusch ◽  
Maya Aghaei ◽  
Anthony M. Evans ◽  
Marcel Zeelenberg
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Sexual Interest ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Interrater Agreement ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Large Database ◽  
Women's Clothing ◽  
Trait Inferences ◽  
Published Research

Abstract People use clothing to make personality inferences about others, and these inferences steer social behaviors. The current work makes four contributions to the measurement and prediction of clothing-based person perception: first, we integrate published research and open-ended responses to identify common psychological inferences made from clothes (Study 1). We find that people use clothes to make inferences about happiness, sexual interest, intelligence, trustworthiness, and confidence. Second, we examine consensus (i.e., interrater agreement) for clothing-based inferences (Study 2). We observe that characteristics of the inferring observer contribute more to the drawn inferences than the observed clothes, which entails low to medium levels of interrater agreement. Third, the current work examines whether a computer vision model can use image properties (i.e., pixels alone) to replicate human inferences (Study 3). While our best model outperforms a single human rater, its absolute performance falls short of reliability conventions in psychological research. Finally, we introduce a large database of clothing images with psychological labels and demonstrate its use for exploration and replication of psychological research. The database consists of 5000 images of (western) women’s clothing items with psychological inferences annotated by 25 participants per clothing item.

A Recurrent Connectionist Model of Person Impression Formation

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Van Overwalle ◽  
Christophe Labiouse
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Network Architecture ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Connectionist Model ◽  
Algebraic Models ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Information Assimilation ◽  
Trait Inferences ◽  
Situational Information

Major findings in impression formation are reviewed and modeled from a connectionist perspective. The findings are in the areas of primacy and recency in impression formation, asymmetric diagnosticity of ability-and morality-related traits, increased recall for trait-inconsistent information, assimilation and contrast in priming, and discounting of trait inferences by situational information. The majority of these phenomena are illustrated with well-known experiments and simulated with an autoassociative network architecture with linear activation update and using the delta learning algorithm for adjusting the connection weights. All of the simulations successfully reproduced the empirical findings. Moreover the proposed model is shown to be consistent with earlier algebraic models of impression formation (Anderson, 1981; Busemeyer 1991; Hogarth & Einhorn, 1992). The discussion centers on how our model compares to other connectionist approaches to impression formation and how it may contribute to a more parsimonious and unified theory of person perception.

‘She called her partner – hence she is needy’: depressed patients show increased tendencies to make spontaneous trait inferences

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (14) ◽  
pp. 2995-3006 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Boecking ◽  
T. Barnhofer
Keyword(s):  
Person Perception ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Daily Hassles ◽  
Stress Generation ◽  
Interpersonal Stress ◽  
History Of Childhood ◽  
Depressed Patients ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spontaneous Trait Inferences ◽  
Trait Inferences

BackgroundInterpersonal stress generation is an important maintaining factor in major depression; however, little is known about the psychological mechanisms that undermine interpersonal functioning. This study investigated the role of deficits in person perception to this regard.MethodDepressed patients (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 20) completed a false recognition task that measured participants' tendencies to make spontaneous trait inferences (STIs), that is to spontaneously ascribe personality traits to other people. Participants then reported interpersonal daily hassles for one week following the task.ResultsTendencies to make STIs were significantly higher in depressed patients, particularly those with a history of childhood trauma. The degree to which participants made STIs was significantly related to depression severity, and predicted the occurrence of interpersonal daily hassles during follow-up across, but not within groups.ConclusionsThe results suggest that depressed patients show characteristic biases in person perception that may contribute to the generation of interpersonal stress.

Implicit stereotyping and prejudice and the primed Stroop task

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 241-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry Kawakami ◽  
Kenneth L. Dion ◽  
John F. Dovidio
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Color Naming ◽  
Stereotype Activation ◽  
Racial Categories ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Automatic Activation ◽  
Black Stereotypes ◽  
Implicit Prejudice ◽  
Implicit Stereotyping ◽  
Naming Latencies

In the present study, automatic stereotype activation related to racial categories was examined utilizing a primed Stroop task. The speed of participants' ink-color naming of stereotypic and nonstereotypic target words following Black and White category primes were compared: slower naming times are presumed to reflect interference from automatic activation. The results provide support for automatic activation of implicit prejudice and stereotypes. With respect to prejudice, naming latencies tended to be slower for positive words following White than Black primes and slower for negative words following Black than White primes. With regard to stereotypes, participants demonstrated slower naming latencies for Black stereotypes, primarily those that were negatively valenced, following Black than White category primes. These findings provide further evidence of the automatic activation of stereotypes and prejudice that occurs without intention.

Automatic Stereotype Activation Is Context Dependent

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catharina Casper ◽  
Klaus Rothermund ◽  
Dirk Wentura
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Context Information ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Stereotype Activation ◽  
Social Stereotypes ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Automatic Activation ◽  
Mental Schemas

Processes involving an automatic activation of stereotypes in different contexts were investigated using a priming paradigm with the lexical decision task. The names of social categories were combined with background pictures of specific situations to yield a compound prime comprising category and context information. Significant category priming effects for stereotypic attributes (e.g., Bavarians – beer) emerged for fitting contexts (e.g., in combination with a picture of a marquee) but not for nonfitting contexts (e.g., in combination with a picture of a shop). Findings indicate that social stereotypes are organized as specific mental schemas that are triggered by a combination of category and context information.

Re-conceptualizing Machiavellianism and Social-Cognitive Skills

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
William Hart ◽  
Christopher J. Breeden ◽  
Charlotte Kinrade
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Skill ◽  
Prediction Skill ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
College Sample ◽  
Social Prediction

Abstract. Machiavellianism is presumed to encompass advanced social-cognitive skill, but research has generally suggested that Machiavellian individuals are rather deficient in social-cognitive skill. However, previous research on the matter has been limited to measures of (a) Machiavellianism that are unidimensional and saturated with both antagonism and disinhibition and measures (b) only one type of social-cognitive skill. Using a large college sample ( N = 461), we examined how various dimensions of Machiavellianism relate to two types of social-cognitive skill: person-perception skill and general social prediction skill. Consistent with some prior theorizing, the planful dimension of Machiavellianism was positively related to both person-perception and general social prediction skills; antagonistic dimensions of Machiavellianism were negatively related to both skills; either agentic or cynical dimensions of Machiavellianism were generally unrelated to both skills. Overall, the current evidence suggests a complicated relationship between Machiavellianism and social-cognitive skill because Machiavellianism encompasses features that blend deficiency, proficiency, and average levels of social-cognitive skills.

What Does It Take to Activate Stereotypes? Simple Primes Don’t Seem Enough

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Müller ◽  
Klaus Rothermund
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Response Priming ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Stereotype Activation

According to social cognition textbooks, stereotypes are activated automatically if appropriate categorical cues are processed. Although many studies have tested effects of activated stereotypes on behavior, few have tested the process of stereotype activation. Blair and Banaji (1996) demonstrated that subjects were faster to categorize first names as male or female if those were preceded by gender congruent attribute primes. The same, albeit smaller, effects emerged in a semantic priming design ruling out response priming by Banaji and Hardin (1996) . We sought to replicate these important effects. Mirroring Blair and Banaji (1996) we found strong priming effects as long as response priming was possible. However, unlike Banaji and Hardin (1996) , we did not find any evidence for automatic stereotype activation, when response priming was ruled out. Our findings suggest that automatic stereotype activation is not a reliable and global phenomenon but is restricted to more specific conditions.

A Different Perspective on Person Perception

1972 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 656-657
Author(s):  
DAVID J. SCHNEIDER
Keyword(s):  
Person Perception
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