Biomechanics of graded running: Part I ‐ Stride parameters, external forces, muscle activations

Nas últimas décadas se observa o retorno da religião sob forma de fundamentalismo religioso, utilizando a mídia e instrumentos de pressão política para fazer valer suas crenças, pois diante do receio ao questionamento, os fundamentalistas veem no “outro”, no diferente, uma ameaça a ser combatida e, em alguns casos, extirpada para preservar suas convicções. O presente estudo tem por objetivo discutir as tendências sócio-políticas do fundamentalismo religioso cristão. Para tanto, com método bibliográfico narrativo, visitamos alguns autores em nível nacional e internacional, que abordam as condições que fizeram emergir o fenômeno social do fundamentalismo religioso, sua estruturação e atuação, até suas demandas sócio-políticas. Os resultados apontam que quando se identifica e transfere qualquer responsabilidade pessoal e histórica para as forças externas, o “outro”, entendido como pessoa e/ou instituição, não podemos negar que esse processo alcança dimensões de problema social. Notamos algumas tendências como mudança de movimento religioso para ideologia acirrada, da postura de fiel para militância, do “ad intra” das religiões para demandas “ad extra”, dos altares e púlpitos para ocupações políticas.Palavras-chave: Fundamentalismo Religioso; Protestante; Católico. CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM: SOCIAL-POLITICS TENDENCIESAbstractIn the last decades the return of religion in religious fundamentalism form can be observed, using media and instruments of political pressure, because when facing the fear of questioning, fundamentalists see in the “other”, in the different, a threat to be stopped and, in some cases, extirpated top preserve their convictions. This study aims to discuss the social-politics tendencies of the Christian religious fundamentalism. For that, with the narrative bibliographic method, we visited some authors of national and international level, that approach the conditions that caused the emergence of the religious fundamentalism social phenomenon, its structure and role, until its social-politics demand. The results show that when any personal or historical responsibility is identified and transferred to external forces, the “other”, understood as person and/or institution, we cannot deny this process reaches dimensions of social problem. We notice some tendencies such as the change of the religious movement to fierce ideology, from the posture of faithful to militancy, from “ad intra” of religions to “ad extra” demands, from the altars and pulpits to political positions.Keywords: Religious Fundamentalism; Protestant; Catholic.

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How success enhances self-serving bias: A multinomial process model of the Implicit Association Test

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.8008 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 47 (7) ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zhongyang Wang ◽

Yi Li ◽

Zheng Jin ◽

Timothy Tamunang Tamutana

Keyword(s):

Undergraduate Students ◽

Implicit Association Test ◽

Process Model ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Regulation Mechanism ◽

Implicit Association ◽

Desirable Outcome ◽

Subsequent Application ◽

External Forces ◽

Better Than

Self-serving bias is individuals' belief that leads them to blame external forces when bad things happen and to give themselves credit when good things happen. To evaluate how underlying evaluative associations toward the self or others differ between individuals, and/or how the regulation mechanism of the influence of such associations differs, we used a multinomial process model to measure the underlying implicit self-esteem in these processes with 56 Chinese undergraduate students. The results indicated that participants assessed themselves as being better than others when their performance was followed by a desirable outcome. Subsequent application of the quadruple processes showed that both activation of positive associations toward self and regulation of the associations played important roles in attitudinal responses. Our findings may provide a supplementary explanation to that of previous results, promoting understanding of the mechanism underlying self-serving bias.

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Governance

10.1093/oso/9780190662455.003.0013 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Joia S. Mukherjee

Keyword(s):

Global Health ◽

Health System ◽

Global Governance ◽

Health Sector ◽

Nation State ◽

System A ◽

Health Strategy ◽

External Forces ◽

Globalized World ◽

Global Governance For Health

This chapter focuses on governance, a key building block of a health system. A government is responsible for the health of its people. It sets the health strategy and oversees the implementation of health programs. External forces and actors influence the governance of the health sector. This chapter explores governance of health from the perspective of the nation-state coordinating its own health system (sometimes called governance for global health). The chapter examines the internal and external forces that influence national governance for global health. The chapter also looks beyond the level of the nation-state to explore the concept of global governance for health. In the interconnected and globalized world, global governance for health is needed to coordinate the geopolitical forces that impact health and its social determinants.

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Quasi-stability and continuity of attractors for nonlinear system of wave equations

Nonautonomous Dynamical Systems ◽

10.1515/msds-2020-0125 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 27-45

Author(s):

M. M. Freitas ◽

M. J. Dos Santos ◽

A. J. A. Ramos ◽

M. S. Vinhote ◽

M. L. Santos

Keyword(s):

Wave Equations ◽

Coupled System ◽

Global Attractors ◽

Time Behavior ◽

Exponential Attractors ◽

Small Perturbations ◽

Recent Approach ◽

Nonlinear Coupled System ◽

Long Time ◽

External Forces

Abstract In this paper, we study the long-time behavior of a nonlinear coupled system of wave equations with damping terms and subjected to small perturbations of autonomous external forces. Using the recent approach by Chueshov and Lasiecka in [21], we prove that this dynamical system is quasi-stable by establishing a quasistability estimate, as consequence, the existence of global and exponential attractors is proved. Finally, we investigate the upper and lower semicontinuity of global attractors under autonomous perturbations.

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FRI0621-HPR CHANGES IN LOCUS OF CONTROL LEVEL IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS AFTER THE COURSE OF BIOFEEDBACK TRAINING

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases ◽

10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.1571 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽

pp. 915.1-915

Author(s):

R. Grekhoff

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Locus Of Control ◽

Treatment Regimen ◽

Learned Helplessness ◽

Self Esteem ◽

Main Group ◽

Biofeedback Training ◽

Peripheral Blood Flow ◽

Complex Treatment ◽

External Forces

Background:Objectives:Our aim was to study the effect of biofeedback (BFB) training on the locus of control in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to justify the use of this method in the complex treatment of the disease.Methods:40 RA patients hospitalized in the rheumatology department were examined. The average age of patients was 48. 6 years ± 7.73 years (from 30 to 70 years), women accounted for the majority = 26 (86%), the average duration of the disease was 12 years ± 3.44 years. We use J. Rotter’s Locus of Control Scale in E.F.Bazhin adaptation. RA patients were divided into two groups: the main (20 patients) and control (20 patients). Patients of the main group received complex therapy with 12 sessions of BFB training, mainly based on the parameters of the brain’s electrical activity — EEG relaxation using the Reakor™ psychophysiological rehabilitation complex manufactured by Medicom MTD (Taganrog).Results:We revealed externality in RA patients in the general field (3.03 ± 0.3), as well as in the field of relation to the disease (3.86 ± 0.23) and in the field of production relations (3.43 ± 0, 25). After BFB trainings, an increase in internality was observed on the scales of the general sphere (p <0.05) and attitude to the disease (p <0.01) in patients of the main group. In the group of patients receiving conventional treatment, the dynamics of the results was unreliable.Conclusion:It should be noted that the locus of control (or subjective control) is a quality that characterizes a person’s tendency to attribute responsibility for the results of his activity to external forces, or to his own abilities and efforts. Externality is manifested when people prefer to shift responsibility for important events of their life to external circumstances, and external forces (bosses, colleagues, etc.). In the field of attitude to the disease, externality is manifested when patient behaves passively, and believes that he cannot influence the course of the disease in any way, shifting all responsibility for the treatment results to medical staff, which can lead to non-compliance with the treatment regimen and an increase in the level of anxiety and depression, decreased self-esteem. The onset of the disease and its associated social consequences (disability, loss of social roles, etc.) can cause a negative mental state of learned helplessness. Learned helplessness is defined as a condition that occurs as a result of uncontrolled, mainly negative events, which manifests itself in violations of emotional, motivational and cognitive processes. In other words, RA patient suffering from this condition expects treatment failures and reduces control over compliance with the treatment regimen. BFB therapy can be used in order to correct and prevent the state of learned helplessness by increasing the level of internality.It is assumed that increasing internality in the BFB process is associated with teaching the patient the skills of self-regulation of physiological processes. The mechanisms of BFB therapeutic effect are not only changes in physiological parameters (improvement of cerebral and peripheral blood flow, muscle relaxation, and improvement of sleep) but also in a shift in the locus of control from external to internal, which can increase compliance, reduce neurotic complaints, mobilize volitional potential and improve patient self-esteem.As a result of BFB course, an increase in the internality was noted in patients on the scales of the general sphere and the sphere of attitude to the disease. It is advisable to use the BFB to increase the compliance and effectiveness of complex treatment of RA patients.Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Research on Chinese Contemporary Social Life

Qualitative Inquiry ◽

10.1177/10778004211021808 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 107780042110218

Author(s):

Letian Zhang

Keyword(s):

Large Volume ◽

Social Life ◽

Social Fabric ◽

Personal Journey ◽

External Forces ◽

Primary Materials

In this article, Zhang first recounts his personal journey from being a “sent-down” youth to a returned researcher endeavoring to understand the logic and social fabric of the Chinese countryside during the collective era. He then demonstrates the interplay between internal and external forces that shaped and ultimately doomed the commune system. Finally, Zhang describes how he unexpectedly stumbled upon a large volume of personal letters soon after he founded the Center in 2011. Since then, with deliberate and unwavering effort, the Center has gathered a sizable collection of primary materials that provide invaluable insights into social life in China.1

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The Supersonic Flow Past a Slender Ducted Body of Revolution with an Annular Intake

Aeronautical Quarterly ◽

10.1017/s0001925900000214 ◽

1950 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 305-318

Author(s):

G. N. Ward

Keyword(s):

Supersonic Flow ◽

Velocity Potential ◽

Operational Calculus ◽

The Body ◽

Body Of Revolution ◽

Internal Flows ◽

Flow Past ◽

External Forces ◽

Internal Pressures ◽

Slender Body Of Revolution

SummaryThe approximate supersonic flow past a slender ducted body of revolution having an annular intake is determined by using the Heaviside operational calculus applied to the linearised equation for the velocity potential. It is assumed that the external and internal flows are independent. The pressures on the body are integrated to find the drag, lift and moment coefficients of the external forces. The lift and moment coefficients have the same values as for a slender body of revolution without an intake, but the formula for the drag has extra terms given in equations (32) and (56). Under extra assumptions, the lift force due to the internal pressures is estimated. The results are applicable to propulsive ducts working under the specified condition of no “ spill-over “ at the intake.

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Distribution characteristics of typical geological relics in the Western Sichuan Plateau

Open Geosciences ◽

10.1515/geo-2020-0104 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 307-323

Author(s):

Qizhong Wang ◽

Zhongquan Li ◽

Yuan Yin ◽

Shuang Yang ◽

Wei Long ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Geological Heritage ◽

Tibet Plateau ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Western Sichuan ◽

Distribution Rules ◽

Index Analysis ◽

External Forces ◽

Qinghai Tibet Plateau ◽

First Time ◽

Tectonic Movements

AbstractThe Western Sichuan Plateau (WSP), located in the eastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, is the most strongly deformed region of the continental crust in China. Frequent tectonic movements shape the unique topography and landform of the WSP and have also produced abundant geological heritage resources. Based on the existing geological heritage survey data in Sichuan Province, the nearest index analysis method of employing a regional spatial point model was used to reveal the distribution rules and the genetic mechanism of typical geological relics in the WSP for the first time. Results indicate that the formation and distribution of geological relics in the WSP are generally controlled by tectonic movement and supplemented by the comprehensive action of external forces such as flowing water. Their distribution shows a condensed spatial distribution pattern and extends along the strike of a fault zone and river strike strip. Finally, based on the characteristics of geological relics in the WSP, some suggestions on the protection and development of regional geological relics were put forward.

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Ankle Muscle Activations during Different Foot-Strike Patterns in Running

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21103422 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (10) ◽

pp. 3422

Author(s):

Jian-Zhi Lin ◽

Wen-Yu Chiu ◽

Wei-Hsun Tai ◽

Yu-Xiang Hong ◽

Chung-Yu Chen

Keyword(s):

Muscle Activity ◽

Muscle Activation ◽

Stance Phase ◽

Inertial Sensors ◽

Plantar Flexion ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Biceps Femoris ◽

Ankle Muscle ◽

Foot Strike ◽

Muscle Activations

This study analysed the landing performance and muscle activity of athletes in forefoot strike (FFS) and rearfoot strike (RFS) patterns. Ten male college participants were asked to perform two foot strikes patterns, each at a running speed of 6 km/h. Three inertial sensors and five EMG sensors as well as one 24 G accelerometer were synchronised to acquire joint kinematics parameters as well as muscle activation, respectively. In both the FFS and RFS patterns, according to the intraclass correlation coefficient, excellent reliability was found for landing performance and muscle activation. Paired t tests indicated significantly higher ankle plantar flexion in the FFS pattern. Moreover, biceps femoris (BF) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) activation increased in the pre-stance phase of the FFS compared with that of RFS. The FFS pattern had significantly decreased tibialis anterior (TA) muscle activity compared with the RFS pattern during the pre-stance phase. The results demonstrated that the ankle strategy focused on controlling the foot strike pattern. The influence of the FFS pattern on muscle activity likely indicates that an athlete can increase both BF and GM muscles activity. Altered landing strategy in cases of FFS pattern may contribute both to the running efficiency and muscle activation of the lower extremity. Therefore, neuromuscular training and education are required to enable activation in dynamic running tasks.

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