Differential muscle hypertrophy and edema responses between high‐load and low‐load exercise with blood flow restriction

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1713-1726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabiano Freitas Shiromaru ◽  
Vitor de Salles Painelli ◽  
Carla Silva‐Batista ◽  
Ariel Roberth Longo ◽  
Thiago Lasevicius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
High Load ◽  
Blood Flow Restriction ◽  
Flow Restriction ◽  
Low Load

Blood Flow Restriction Therapy Impact on Musculoskeletal Strength and Mass

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 263502542110326
Author(s):  
Steven R. Dayton ◽  
Simon J. Padanilam ◽  
Tyler C. Sylvester ◽  
Michael J. Boctor ◽  
Vehniah K. Tjong
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
High Load ◽  
Blood Flow Restriction ◽  
Occlusion Pressure ◽  
Total Occlusion ◽  
Flow Restriction ◽  
Low Load

Background: Blood flow restriction (BFR) training restricts arterial inflow and venous outflow from the extremity and can produce gains in muscle strength at low loads. Low-load training reduces joint stress and decreases cardiovascular risk when compared with high-load training, thus making BFR an excellent option for many patients requiring rehabilitation. Indications: Blood flow restriction has shown clinical benefit in a variety of patient populations including healthy patients as well as those with osteoarthritis, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, and Achilles tendon rupture. Technique Description: This video demonstrates BFR training in 3 clinical areas: upper extremity resistance training, lower extremity resistance training, and low-intensity cycling. All applications of BFR first require determination of total occlusion pressure. Upper extremity training requires inflating the tourniquet to 50% of total occlusion pressure, while lower extremity exercises use 80% of total occlusion pressure. Low-load resistance training exercises follow a specific repetition scheme: 30 reps followed by a 30-second rest and then 3 sets of 15 reps with 30-seconds rest between each. During cycle training, 80% total occlusion pressure is used as the patient cycles for 15 minutes without rest. Results: Augmenting low-load resistance training with BFR increases muscle strength when compared with low-load resistance alone. In addition, low-load BFR has demonstrated an increase in muscle mass greater than low-load training alone and equivalent to high-load training absent BFR. A systematic review determined the safety of low-load training with BFR is comparable to traditional high-intensity resistance training. The most common adverse effects include exercise intolerance, discomfort, and dull pain which are also frequent in patients undergoing traditional resistance training. Severe adverse effects including deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and rhabdomyolysis are exceedingly rare, less than 0.006% according to a national survey. Patients undergoing BFR rehabilitation experience less perceived exertion and demonstrate decreased pain scores compared with high-load resistance training. Conclusion: Blood flow restriction training is an effective alternative to high-load resistance training for patients requiring musculoskeletal rehabilitation for multiple disease processes as well as in the perioperative setting. Blood flow restriction has been shown to be a safe training modality when managed by properly trained physical therapists and athletic trainers.

scholarly journals Muscle Adaptations to High-Load Training and Very Low-Load Training With and Without Blood Flow Restriction

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew B. Jessee ◽  
Samuel L. Buckner ◽  
J. Grant Mouser ◽  
Kevin T. Mattocks ◽  
Scott J. Dankel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
High Load ◽  
Blood Flow Restriction ◽  
Flow Restriction ◽  
Muscle Adaptations ◽  
Low Load

scholarly journals Low-load blood flow restriction training induces similar morphological and mechanical Achilles tendon adaptations compared with high-load resistance training

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 1660-1667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Centner ◽  
Benedikt Lauber ◽  
Olivier R. Seynnes ◽  
Simon Jerger ◽  
Tim Sohnius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Achilles Tendon ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
High Load ◽  
Blood Flow Restriction ◽  
Resistance Training Program ◽  
Flow Restriction ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Tendon Properties

Low-load blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) training has gained increasing interest in the scientific community by demonstrating that increases in muscle mass and strength are comparable to conventional high-load (HL) resistance training. Although adaptations on the muscular level are well documented, there is little evidence on how LL-BFR training affects human myotendinous properties. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate morphological and mechanical Achilles tendon adaptations after 14 wk of strength training. Fifty-five male volunteers (27.9 ± 5.1 yr) were randomly allocated into the following three groups: LL-BFR [20–35% of one-repetition maximum (1RM)], HL (70–85% 1RM), or a nonexercising control (CON) group. The LL-BFR and HL groups completed a resistance training program for 14 wk, and tendon morphology, mechanical as well as material properties, and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and isometric strength were assessed before and after the intervention. Both HL (+40.7%) and LL-BFR (+36.1%) training induced significant increases in tendon stiffness ( P < 0.05) as well as tendon CSA (HL: +4.6%, LL-BFR: +7.8%, P < 0.001). These changes were comparable between groups without significant changes in Young’s modulus. Furthermore, gastrocnemius medialis muscle CSA and plantar flexor strength significantly increased in both training groups ( P < 0.05), whereas the CON group did not show significant changes in any of the evaluated parameters. In conclusion, the adaptive change in Achilles tendon properties following low-load resistance training with partial vascular occlusion appears comparable to that evoked by high-load resistance training. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Low-load blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) training has been shown to induce beneficial adaptations at the muscular level. However, studies examining the effects on human tendon properties are rare. The findings provide first evidence that LL-BFR can increase Achilles tendon mechanical and morphological properties to a similar extent as conventional high-load resistance training. This is of particular importance for individuals who may not tolerate heavy training loads but still aim for improvements in myotendinous function.

Perceptual and Neuromuscular Responses Adapt Similarly Between High-Load Resistance Training and Low-Load Resistance Training With Blood Flow Restriction

2020 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Emerson Luiz Teixeira ◽  
Vitor de Salles Painelli ◽  
Brad Jon Schoenfeld ◽  
Carla Silva-Batista ◽  
Ariel Roberth Longo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
High Load ◽  
Blood Flow Restriction ◽  
Flow Restriction ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Neuromuscular Responses

Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction and High-Load Resistance Training Induce Comparable Changes in Patellar Tendon Properties

2021 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Centner ◽  
Simon Jerger ◽  
Benedikt Lauber ◽  
Olivier Seynnes ◽  
Till Friedrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Patellar Tendon ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
High Load ◽  
Blood Flow Restriction ◽  
Flow Restriction ◽  
Low Load ◽  
Tendon Properties

scholarly journals Maximizing Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review of Advanced Resistance Training Techniques and Methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 4897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztofik ◽  
Wilk ◽  
Wojdała ◽  
Gołaś
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Resistance Training ◽  
Muscle Hypertrophy ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Metabolic Stress ◽  
Efficient Solutions ◽  
Blood Flow Restriction ◽  
Mechanical Tension ◽  
Flow Restriction ◽  
Low Load

Background: Effective hypertrophy-oriented resistance training (RT) should comprise a combination of mechanical tension and metabolic stress. Regarding training variables, the most effective values are widely described in the literature. However, there is still a lack of consensus regarding the efficiency of advanced RT techniques and methods in comparison to traditional approaches. Methods: MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from 1996 to September 2019 for all studies investigating the effects of advanced RT techniques and methods on muscle hypertrophy and training variables. Thirty articles met the inclusion criteria and were consequently included for the quality assessment and data extraction. Results: Concerning the time-efficiency of training, the use of agonist–antagonist, upper–lower body supersets, drop and cluster sets, sarcoplasma stimulating training, employment of fast, but controlled duration of eccentric contractions (~2s), and high-load RT supplemented with low-load RT under blood flow restriction may provide an additional stimulus and an advantage to traditional training protocols. With regard to the higher degree of mechanical tension, the use of accentuated eccentric loading in RT should be considered. Implementation of drop sets, sarcoplasma stimulating training, low-load RT in conjunction with low-load RT under blood flow restriction could provide time-efficient solutions to increased metabolic stress. Conclusions: Due to insufficient evidence, it is difficult to provide specific guidelines for volume, intensity of effort, and frequency of previously mentioned RT techniques and methods. However, well-trained athletes may integrate advanced RT techniques and methods into their routines as an additional stimulus to break through plateaus and to prevent training monotony.

Muscle damage responses to resistance exercise performed with high-load versus low-load associated with partial blood flow restriction in young women

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ieda Fernanda Alvarez ◽  
Felipe Damas ◽  
Thaís Marina Pires de Biazon ◽  
Maiara Miquelini ◽  
Kenji Doma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Young Women ◽  
High Load ◽  
Blood Flow Restriction ◽  
Flow Restriction ◽  
Low Load
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