Machiavellianism in long-term relationships: Competition, mate retention and sexual coercion

Infant and child survival and their growth and development cannot be improved without good maternity care. Proper planning of births is a basic ingredient of any child survival package. Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and in particular HIV infections, unless adequately controlled, can impede further progress in child survival. There are great risks of neglecting sexual and reproductive health; a painful or detrimental transition from adolescence to adulthood can lead to ill effects in the long run. Early pregnancy/motherhood can be physically hazardous for girls and can jeopardize their educational attainment as well as economic potential. In particular, adolescent girls are vulnerable to HIV exposure and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), sexual coercion, violence, as well as exploitation. These have an enormous impact on the physical and mental health of an individual and have long-term implications for them, their offspring, their families, and their communities.

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The Frequency and Timing of Courtship and Copulation in Blackbirds, Turdus Merula, Reflect Sperm Competition and Sexual Conflict

Behaviour ◽

10.1163/156853904323066766 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 141 (4) ◽

pp. 501-512 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Konrad Halupka ◽

Dariusz Wysocki

Keyword(s):

Sperm Competition ◽

Reproductive Cycle ◽

Sexual Conflict ◽

Sexual Coercion ◽

Mate Guarding ◽

Joint Production ◽

Copulation Rate ◽

Time And Energy ◽

Copulation Behaviour

AbstractIn a long-term field study we estimated the number of copulations per pair in blackbirds at 24.2 in a single reproductive cycle. Thus it seems unlikely that the only function of copulation behaviour is just to guarantee fertilization. We considered three other hypotheses which might explain frequent pair copulation: (1) as an effect of sperm competition, (2) cooperation between pair members aiming at increasing joint production of offspring; or, (3) sexual conflict resulting in female manipulation of allocation of time and energy of the male. We found no positive correlation between the copulation frequency and reproductive performance, a result that essentially falsifies the cooperation hypothesis. Only two extra-pair copulations were recorded. However, attempts at forced extra-pair copulation were very common and a high pair copulation rate might have evolved in response to sperm competition. Alternately, relatively high copulation rate in the pre-fertile stage of the reproductive cycle and female control over timing and frequency of copulation (via solicitation of copulation and/or rejection of courtship by the male) also supports the sexual conflict scenario. We suggest that our findings support the idea that the female prolongs the period of sexual activity to induce her partner to guard her (which reduces sexual coercion from other males) and to monopolise his parental effort (the male while mate guarding cannot pursue extra-pair activity or search for better mating options).

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A long-term study of early fluid therapy in severely burned adults. 3. Simultaneous comparison of saline solution alone or combined with plasma

JAMA ◽

10.1001/jama.195.4.268 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 195 (4) ◽

pp. 268-274 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. Bocanegra

Keyword(s):

Fluid Therapy ◽

Saline Solution ◽

Term Study ◽

Long Term Study ◽

Simultaneous Comparison ◽

Early Fluid

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Therapy and prevention for mental health: What if mental diseases are mostly not brain disorders?

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x1800105x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

John P. A. Ioannidis

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Disease ◽

Brain Disorders ◽

Social Stressors ◽

Labor Education ◽

Mental Diseases ◽

Long Term Follow Up ◽

Political Decisions

AbstractNeurobiology-based interventions for mental diseases and searches for useful biomarkers of treatment response have largely failed. Clinical trials should assess interventions related to environmental and social stressors, with long-term follow-up; social rather than biological endpoints; personalized outcomes; and suitable cluster, adaptive, and n-of-1 designs. Labor, education, financial, and other social/political decisions should be evaluated for their impacts on mental disease.

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Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x15000928 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

Author(s):

Mary C. Potter

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽

Language Comprehension ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Visual Presentation ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

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Brief summary of Kleť photographic search programme for minor planets

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100031419 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 173 ◽

pp. 189-192

Author(s):

J. Tichá ◽

M. Tichý ◽

Z. Moravec

Keyword(s):

Ccd Camera ◽

Minor Planet ◽

Minor Planets ◽

Main Belt

AbstractA long-term photographic search programme for minor planets was begun at the Kleť Observatory at the end of seventies using a 0.63-m Maksutov telescope, but with insufficient respect for long-arc follow-up astrometry. More than two thousand provisional designations were given to new Kleť discoveries. Since 1993 targeted follow-up astrometry of Kleť candidates has been performed with a 0.57-m reflector equipped with a CCD camera, and reliable orbits for many previous Kleť discoveries have been determined. The photographic programme results in more than 350 numbered minor planets credited to Kleť, one of the world's most prolific discovery sites. Nearly 50 per cent of them were numbered as a consequence of CCD follow-up observations since 1994.This brief summary describes the results of this Kleť photographic minor planet survey between 1977 and 1996. The majority of the Kleť photographic discoveries are main belt asteroids, but two Amor type asteroids and one Trojan have been found.

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Evolution of Large-Scale Coronal Structures

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100024945 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 144 ◽

pp. 29-33

Author(s):

P. Ambrož

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Field ◽

Field Line ◽

Large Scale ◽

Coronal Magnetic Field ◽

Source Surface ◽

Solar Cycles ◽

Characteristic Relationship ◽

The Magnetic Field ◽

Coronal Structures

AbstractThe large-scale coronal structures observed during the sporadically visible solar eclipses were compared with the numerically extrapolated field-line structures of coronal magnetic field. A characteristic relationship between the observed structures of coronal plasma and the magnetic field line configurations was determined. The long-term evolution of large scale coronal structures inferred from photospheric magnetic observations in the course of 11- and 22-year solar cycles is described.Some known parameters, such as the source surface radius, or coronal rotation rate are discussed and actually interpreted. A relation between the large-scale photospheric magnetic field evolution and the coronal structure rearrangement is demonstrated.

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Long-term Cyclic Variations of Prominences, Green and Red Coronae over Solar Cycles

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100064496 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 179 ◽

pp. 201-204

Author(s):

Vojtech Rušin ◽

Milan Minarovjech ◽

Milan Rybanský

Keyword(s):

Emission Lines ◽

High Latitudes ◽

Green Line ◽

Solar Cycles ◽

The South ◽

Coronal Emission ◽

Local Maxima ◽

The North ◽

Cyclic Variations

AbstractLong-term cyclic variations in the distribution of prominences and intensities of green (530.3 nm) and red (637.4 nm) coronal emission lines over solar cycles 18–23 are presented. Polar prominence branches will reach the poles at different epochs in cycle 23: the north branch at the beginning in 2002 and the south branch a year later (2003), respectively. The local maxima of intensities in the green line show both poleward- and equatorward-migrating branches. The poleward branches will reach the poles around cycle maxima like prominences, while the equatorward branches show a duration of 18 years and will end in cycle minima (2007). The red corona shows mostly equatorward branches. The possibility that these branches begin to develop at high latitudes in the preceding cycles cannot be excluded.

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