scholarly journals Analyses of regulatory CD 4 + CD 25 + FOXP 3 + T cells and observations from peripheral T cell subpopulation markers during the development of type 1 diabetes in children

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Hamari ◽  
T. Kirveskoski ◽  
V. Glumoff ◽  
P. Kulmala ◽  
O. Simell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Subpopulation

scholarly journals Proinsulin-Reactive CD4 T Cells in the Islets of Type 1 Diabetes Organ Donors

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie G. Landry ◽  
Amanda M. Anderson ◽  
Holger A. Russ ◽  
Liping Yu ◽  
Sally C. Kent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Pancreatic Beta Cells ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Organ Donors ◽  
Hla Dq

Proinsulin is an abundant protein that is selectively expressed by pancreatic beta cells and has been a focus for development of antigen-specific immunotherapies for type 1 diabetes (T1D). In this study, we sought to comprehensively evaluate reactivity to preproinsulin by CD4 T cells originally isolated from pancreatic islets of organ donors having T1D. We analyzed 187 T cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes expressed by CD4 T cells obtained from six T1D donors and determined their response to 99 truncated preproinsulin peptide pools, in the presence of autologous B cells. We identified 14 TCR clonotypes from four out of the six donors that responded to preproinsulin peptides. Epitopes were found across all of proinsulin (insulin B-chain, C-peptide, and A-chain) including four hot spot regions containing peptides commonly targeted by TCR clonotypes derived from multiple T1D donors. Of importance, these hot spots overlap with peptide regions to which CD4 T cell responses have previously been detected in the peripheral blood of T1D patients. The 14 TCR clonotypes recognized proinsulin peptides presented by various HLA class II molecules, but there was a trend for dominant restriction with HLA-DQ, especially T1D risk alleles DQ8, DQ2, and DQ8-trans. The characteristics of the tri-molecular complex including proinsulin peptide, HLA-DQ molecule, and TCR derived from CD4 T cells in islets, provides an essential basis for developing antigen-specific biomarkers as well as immunotherapies.

scholarly journals Increased islet antigen–specific regulatory and effector CD4+ T cells in healthy individuals with the type 1 diabetes–protective haplotype

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (44) ◽  
pp. eaax8767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomin Wen ◽  
Junbao Yang ◽  
Eddie James ◽  
I-Ting Chow ◽  
Helena Reijonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Specific Class ◽  
Protective Haplotype ◽  
Specific Effector ◽  
Islet Antigen

The DRB1*15:01-DQB1*06:02 (DR1501-DQ6) haplotype is linked to dominant protection from type 1 diabetes, but the cellular mechanism for this association is unclear. To address this question, we identified multiple DR1501- and DQ6-restricted glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) and islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit–related protein (IGRP)–specific T cell epitopes. Three of the DR1501/DQ6-restricted epitopes identified were previously reported to be restricted by DRB1*04:01/DRB1*03:01/DQB1*03:02. We also used specific class II tetramer reagents to assess T cell frequencies. Our results indicated that GAD65- and IGRP-specific effector and CD25+CD127−FOXP3+ regulatory CD4+ T cells were present at higher frequencies in individuals with the protective haplotype than those with susceptible or neutral haplotypes. We further confirmed higher frequencies of islet antigen–specific effector and regulatory CD4+ T cells in DR1501-DQ6 individuals through a CD154/CD137 up-regulation assay. DR1501-restricted effector T cells were capable of producing interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) but were more likely to produce IL-10 compared with effectors from individuals with susceptible haplotypes. To evaluate their capacity for antigen-specific regulatory activity, we cloned GAD65 and IGRP epitope–specific regulatory T cells. We showed that these regulatory T cells suppressed DR1501-restricted GAD65- and IGRP-specific effectors and DQB1*03:02-restricted GAD65-specific effectors in an antigen-specific fashion. In total, these results suggest that the protective DR1501-DQ6 haplotype confers protection through increased frequencies of islet-specific IL-10–producing T effectors and CD25+CD127−FOXP3+ regulatory T cells.

scholarly journals Targeting transcriptional coregulator OCA-B/Pou2af1 blocks activated autoreactive T cells in the pancreas and type-1 diabetes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heejoo Kim ◽  
Jelena Perovanovic ◽  
Arvind Shakya ◽  
Zuolian Shen ◽  
Cody N. German ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Autoimmune Diabetes ◽  
Nod Mice ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Transcriptional Coregulator

AbstractThe transcriptional coregulator OCA-B promotes expression of T cell target genes in cases of repeated antigen exposure, a necessary feature of autoimmunity. We hypothesized that T cell-specific OCA-B deletion and pharmacologic OCA-B inhibition would protect mice from autoimmune diabetes. We developed an Ocab conditional allele and backcrossed it onto a diabetes-prone NOD/ShiLtJ strain background. T cell-specific OCA-B loss protected mice from spontaneous disease. Protection was associated with large reductions in islet CD8+ T cell receptor specificities associated with diabetes pathogenesis. CD4+ clones associated with diabetes were present, but associated with anergic phenotypes. The protective effect of OCA-B loss was recapitulated using autoantigen-specific NY8.3 mice, but diminished in monoclonal models specific to artificial or neoantigens. Rationally-designed membrane-penetrating OCA-B peptide inhibitors normalized glucose levels, and reduced T cell infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine expression in newly-diabetic NOD mice. Together, the results indicate that OCA-B is a potent autoimmune regulator and a promising target for pharmacologic inhibition.~40-word summary statement for the online JEM table of contents and alertsKim and colleagues show that OCA-B in T cells is essential for the generation of type-1 diabetes. OCA-B loss leaves the pancreatic lymph nodes largely undisturbed, but associates autoreactive CD4+ T cells in the pancreas with anergy while deleting potentially autoreactive CD8+ T cells.SummaryKim et al. show that loss or inhibition of OCA-B in T cells protects mice from type-1 diabetes.

scholarly journals Identifying New Hybrid Insulin Peptides (HIPs) in Type 1 Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart I. Mannering ◽  
Alan F. Rubin ◽  
Ruike Wang ◽  
Pushpak Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Peptide Fragments ◽  
Immune Pathogenesis ◽  
New Type ◽  
Human Type 1 Diabetes

In 2016 Delong et al. discovered a new type of neoepitope formed by the fusion of two unrelated peptide fragments. Remarkably these neoepitopes, called hybrid insulin peptides, or HIPs, are recognized by pathogenic CD4+ T cells in the NOD mouse and human pancreatic islet-infiltrating T cells in people with type 1 diabetes. Current data implicates CD4+ T-cell responses to HIPs in the immune pathogenesis of human T1D. Because of their role in the immune pathogenesis of human T1D it is important to identify new HIPs that are recognized by CD4+ T cells in people at risk of, or with, T1D. A detailed knowledge of T1D-associated HIPs will allow HIPs to be used in assays to monitor changes in T cell mediated beta-cell autoimmunity. They will also provide new targets for antigen-specific therapies for T1D. However, because HIPs are formed by the fusion of two unrelated peptides there are an enormous number of potential HIPs which makes it technically challenging to identify them. Here we review the discovery of HIPs, how they form and discuss approaches to identifying new HIPs relevant to the immune pathogenesis of human type 1 diabetes.

scholarly journals Glycolysis Inhibition Induces Functional and Metabolic Exhaustion of CD4+ T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina P. Martins ◽  
Lee A. New ◽  
Erin C. O’Connor ◽  
Dana M. Previte ◽  
Kasey R. Cargill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
T Cell Responses ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
T Cell Function

In Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), CD4+ T cells initiate autoimmune attack of pancreatic islet β cells. Importantly, bioenergetic programs dictate T cell function, with specific pathways required for progression through the T cell lifecycle. During activation, CD4+ T cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to the less efficient aerobic glycolysis, similarly to highly proliferative cancer cells. In an effort to limit tumor growth in cancer, use of glycolytic inhibitors have been successfully employed in preclinical and clinical studies. This strategy has also been utilized to suppress T cell responses in autoimmune diseases like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). However, modulating T cell metabolism in the context of T1D has remained an understudied therapeutic opportunity. In this study, we utilized the small molecule PFK15, a competitive inhibitor of the rate limiting glycolysis enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6- biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3). Our results confirmed PFK15 inhibited glycolysis utilization by diabetogenic CD4+ T cells and reduced T cell responses to β cell antigen in vitro. In an adoptive transfer model of T1D, PFK15 treatment delayed diabetes onset, with 57% of animals remaining euglycemic at the end of the study period. Protection was due to induction of a hyporesponsive T cell phenotype, characterized by increased and sustained expression of the checkpoint molecules PD-1 and LAG-3 and downstream functional and metabolic exhaustion. Glycolysis inhibition terminally exhausted diabetogenic CD4+ T cells, which was irreversible through restimulation or checkpoint blockade in vitro and in vivo. In sum, our results demonstrate a novel therapeutic strategy to control aberrant T cell responses by exploiting the metabolic reprogramming of these cells during T1D. Moreover, the data presented here highlight a key role for nutrient availability in fueling T cell function and has implications in our understanding of T cell biology in chronic infection, cancer, and autoimmunity.

scholarly journals One in Ten CD8+ Cells in the Pancreas of Living Individuals With Recent Onset Type 1 Diabetes Recognizes the Preproinsulin Epitope PPI15-24

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Admin ◽  
Teresa Rodriguez-Calvo ◽  
Lars Krogvold ◽  
Natalie Amirian ◽  
Knut Dahl-Jørgensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Pancreatic Tissue ◽  
Cell Reactivity ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Recent Onset ◽  
Onset Type

In type 1 diabetes, a lifelong autoimmune disease, T cells infiltrate the islets and the exocrine pancreas in high numbers. CD8+ T cells are the main cell type found in the insulitic lesion, and CD8+ T cells reactive against beta cell antigens have been detected in the periphery and in the pancreas of subjects with short and long disease duration. The Diabetes Virus Detection (DiViD) study collected pancreatic tissue, by pancreatic tail resection, from living patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes. These tissues have been extensively studied by the scientific community, but the autoreactive nature of the T cell infiltrate has remained unexplored. Our objective was to determine the number and localization of these cells in pancreas samples obtained through the DiViD study. Here, we demonstrate the presence of high frequencies of CD8+ T cells reactive against a highly relevant epitope derived from the preproinsulin signal peptide in pancreatic tissue samples from these donors. We additionally show the heterogeneity of islet distribution and CD8+ T cell infiltration. Our findings contribute to the current limited existing knowledge on T cell reactivity in the pancreas of recent onset type 1 diabetic donors, and indicate that antigen-specific therapies directed towards preproinsulin could have high clinical impact.

scholarly journals Type 1 diabetes progression is associated with loss of CD3+CD56+ regulatory T cells that control CD8+ T-cell effector functions

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Terrazzano ◽  
Sara Bruzzaniti ◽  
Valentina Rubino ◽  
Marianna Santopaolo ◽  
Anna Teresa Palatucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Regulatory T Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cell ◽  
Effector Functions ◽  
Diabetes Progression ◽  
Cell Effector

scholarly journals IL-10 Deficiency Accelerates Type 1 Diabetes Development via Modulation of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells and Gut Microbiota in BDC2.5 NOD Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Huang ◽  
Qiyuan Tan ◽  
Ningwen Tai ◽  
James Alexander Pearson ◽  
Yangyang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Spontaneous Diabetes ◽  
Nod Mice ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Diabetes Development

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease caused by T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing β cells. BDC2.5 T cells in BDC2.5 CD4+ T cell receptor transgenic Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mice (BDC2.5+ NOD mice) can abruptly invade the pancreatic islets resulting in severe insulitis that progresses rapidly but rarely leads to spontaneous diabetes. This prevention of diabetes is mediated by T regulatory (Treg) cells in these mice. In this study, we investigated the role of interleukin 10 (IL-10) in the inhibition of diabetes in BDC2.5+ NOD mice by generating Il-10-deficient BDC2.5+ NOD mice (BDC2.5+Il-10-/- NOD mice). Our results showed that BDC2.5+Il-10-/- NOD mice displayed robust and accelerated diabetes development. Il-10 deficiency in BDC2.5+ NOD mice promoted the generation of neutrophils in the bone marrow and increased the proportions of neutrophils in the periphery (blood, spleen, and islets), accompanied by altered intestinal immunity and gut microbiota composition. In vitro studies showed that the gut microbiota from BDC2.5+Il-10-/- NOD mice can expand neutrophil populations. Moreover, in vivo studies demonstrated that the depletion of endogenous gut microbiota by antibiotic treatment decreased the proportion of neutrophils. Although Il-10 deficiency in BDC2.5+ NOD mice had no obvious effects on the proportion and function of Treg cells, it affected the immune response and activation of CD4+ T cells. Moreover, the pathogenicity of CD4+ T cells was much increased, and this significantly accelerated the development of diabetes when these CD4+ T cells were transferred into immune-deficient NOD mice. Our study provides novel insights into the role of IL-10 in the modulation of neutrophils and CD4+ T cells in BDC2.5+ NOD mice, and suggests important crosstalk between gut microbiota and neutrophils in type 1 diabetes development.

scholarly journals Using the T Cell Receptor as a Biomarker in Type 1 Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maki Nakayama ◽  
Aaron W. Michels
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Autoimmune Diabetes ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Antigen Specificity ◽  
Unique Markers

T cell receptors (TCRs) are unique markers that define antigen specificity for a given T cell. With the evolution of sequencing and computational analysis technologies, TCRs are now prime candidates for the development of next-generation non-cell based T cell biomarkers, which provide a surrogate measure to assess the presence of antigen-specific T cells. Type 1 diabetes (T1D), the immune-mediated form of diabetes, is a prototypical organ specific autoimmune disease in which T cells play a pivotal role in targeting pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells. While the disease is now predictable by measuring autoantibodies in the peripheral blood directed to beta cell proteins, there is an urgent need to develop T cell markers that recapitulate T cell activity in the pancreas and can be a measure of disease activity. This review focuses on the potential and challenges of developing TCR biomarkers for T1D. We summarize current knowledge about TCR repertoires and clonotypes specific for T1D and discuss challenges that are unique for autoimmune diabetes. Ultimately, the integration of large TCR datasets produced from individuals with and without T1D along with computational ‘big data’ analysis will facilitate the development of TCRs as potentially powerful biomarkers in the development of T1D.

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