The economic challenges and opportunities of urbanization and migration in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
Roman Matousek ◽  
Chunchao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
And Migration

scholarly journals Digitalization and Artificial Intelligence in Migration and Mobility: Transnational Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Societies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Marie McAuliffe ◽  
Jenna Blower ◽  
Ana Beduschi
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
International Development ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Systemic Risks ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Systems

Digitalization and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in migration and mobility have incrementally expanded over recent years. Iterative approaches to AI deployment experienced a surge during 2020 and into 2021, largely due to COVID-19 forcing greater reliance on advanced digital technology to monitor, inform and respond to the pandemic. This paper critically examines the implications of intensifying digitalization and AI for migration and mobility systems for a post-COVID transnational context. First, it situates digitalization and AI in migration by analyzing its uptake throughout the Migration Cycle. Second, the article evaluates the current challenges and, opportunities to migrants and migration systems brought about by deepening digitalization due to COVID-19, finding that while these expanding technologies can bolster human rights and support international development, potential gains can and are being eroded because of design, development and implementation aspects. Through a critical review of available literature on the subject, this paper argues that recent changes brought about by COVID-19 highlight that computational advances need to incorporate human rights throughout design and development stages, extending well beyond technical feasibility. This also extends beyond tech company references to inclusivity and transparency and requires analysis of systemic risks to migration and mobility regimes arising from advances in AI and related technologies.

The Venezuelan Enterprise: Current Situation, Challenges and Opportunities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Luis Saboin
Keyword(s):  
Firm Level ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Investment And Financing ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Comprehensive Recovery ◽  
Enterprise Survey ◽  
Infrastructure Services

Using Enterprise Survey data, this study describes the characteristics of current Venezuelan firms the survivors of one of the deepest economic contractions of modern historyacross different dimensions, such as access to infrastructure services, firms investment and financing, labor and skills, foreign trade, the legal environment, and firms innovation and performance. The study identifies the main challenges faced by the surviving firms (notably: macroeconomic and political instability, unreliability of basic services, lack of credit, and migration), while identifying some of the opportunities for these firms to exploit if a comprehensive recovery strategy for the country were to be implemented. In this sense, I find that the representative Venezuelan survivor firm has managed to internationalize through several channels (foreign ownership, exports, and international quality certifications), as well as to match skills with current business and market demands and keep innovating. The study also briefly analyzes some of the traditional determinants of (labor) productivity at the firm level, bringing the most interesting aspects to the fore so they can be explored further in more topic-focused research.

scholarly journals Linguistically Sensitive Teaching in a Multilingual Context: Perceptions of Pre-Service Teachers of the Basque Autonomous Community

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-70
Author(s):  
Leire Ituiño Aguirre ◽  
Karin van der Worp ◽  
Eider Saragueta ◽  
Oihane Galdos ◽  
Artzai Gaspar
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Primary Teachers ◽  
Minority Language ◽  
Autonomous Community ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Qualitative Research Study ◽  
Multilingual Students ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Inclusive Approach ◽  
And Migration

Summary Multilingual environments and migration have led to an increasing number of multilingual students, and consequently, to a need to take the varying linguistic repertoire of students into account in education. The aim of the present study is to explore Linguistically Sensitive Teaching (LST) as a possible linguistically inclusive approach and to examine how LST is perceived by pre-service primary teachers in the multilingual context of the Basque Autonomous Community (BAC), where the majority language, Spanish; the minority language, Basque; and the foreign language, English are included in the curriculum, all while some students might have other additional home languages that are not part of the curriculum. The methodological approach is a qualitative research study, in which data have been collected among a group of pre-service primary teachers from the BAC through written reflections, focus groups and observations. The results show the perceptions of the pre-service teachers on education policies in relation to linguistically sensitive teaching practices, good practices identified during their school placements, possibilities to promote Linguistically Sensitive Teaching in the classroom, the role of the minority language Basque in LST, and the threats, challenges and opportunities perceived in LST. It is concluded that despite some basic notions of LST, the lack of in-depth knowledge of pre-service teachers is visible, advocating for the need to include formation on LST in Initial Teacher Training.

scholarly journals Multiple Facets of Migration Research: Key Questions, Topics, and Avenues yet to Be Explored

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Visvizi ◽  
Miltiadis D. Lytras ◽  
Marta Pachocka
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
Migration Research ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Decisions To Leave ◽  
Economic Migration ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
And Migration

Migration and its diverse forms, including economic migration, irregular migration, forced migration, as well as the plethora of factors that drive people’s decisions to leave their habitat and seek fortune in new places, occupy a dominant position in contemporary research and political debate. Academic literature today brims with contributions elaborating on the complexities and implications of migration, thus not only opening several avenues of research, but also delivering in-depth insights into the phenomenon of migration. This notwithstanding, certain topics require greater attention of the research community if ways of navigating the complex challenges and opportunities specific to migration are to be identified. This overview offers some leads in this respect. Against this backdrop, this introduction also highlights that much more work needs to be done to trigger the momentum for the inclusion of information and communication technology (ICT) in migration research. A case is made that in times of the 4th industrial revolution the nexus between ICT and migration needs to be taken seriously.

Transnational Roma marriage migration: Challenges and opportunities

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-186
Author(s):  
Lynette Šikić-Mićanović ◽  
Ivana Radačić ◽  
Marica Marinović Golubić
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Marriage Migration ◽  
Arranged Marriages ◽  
Age Class ◽  
Disadvantaged Women ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
And Migration

A number of studies argue that marriage migration (migration for the purposes of, or following marriage) invokes numerous anxieties, strategies and ambitions and may therefore be seen as potentially problematic and controversial. More positively, past research has shown that migration can be an emancipatory experience and may be celebrated as a form of agency as women’s marriage migration may be the most efficient and socially accepted means available to disadvantaged women to achieve a measure of social and economic mobility. Conversely, marriage migration may also be an experience of disempowerment because in-marrying wives once in their new environment are often unfamiliar with local customs and family traditions and frequently experience language barriers. Overall, Roma marriage migration in both intra and transnational contexts has been largely neglected as a research theme. This paper offers a preliminary study, based on information from Roma NGO representatives and public officials in Croatia, which attempts to narrow this gap in the literature. We are particularly interested in how Roma NGOs understand the situation of early marriage migration/arranged marriages and give some examples of their advocacy in the area of children’s/women’s rights. Using an intersectionality lens, this study maps out the various circumstances in which Roma women and migration fuse together as entangled trajectories producing situations of vulnerability (and possibly of opportunities). Specifically, this paper explores how ethnicity, gender, age, class, legal status and their intersections are associated with vulnerabilities. In order to examine the multiplicity of factors shaping Roma women’s experience as migrants to Croatia, this article discusses some of the challenges and opportunities that they face in Croatia. This study shows that there is a need for further empirical research on the intersection of marriage and migration from an ethnic/gender/age/class perspective to show how discrimination is multiplied.

Demonstration of Retinal Glycogen with Silver Methenamine

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 564-565
Author(s):  
A. W. Sedar ◽  
G. H. Bresnick
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Chromic Acid ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Müller Cell ◽  
External Limiting Membrane ◽  
Electron Microscope Level ◽  
Reactive Process ◽  
Inner Limiting Membrane ◽  
Muller Cell ◽  
And Migration

After experimetnal damage to the retina with a variety of procedures Müller cell hypertrophy and migration occurs. According to Kuwabara and others the reactive process in these injuries is evidenced by a marked increase in amount of glycogen in the Müller cells. These cells were considered originally supporting elements with fiber processes extending throughout the retina from inner limiting membrane to external limiting membrane, but are known now to have high lactic acid dehydrogenase activity and the ability to synthesize glycogen. Since the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine technique was shown to demonstrate glycogen at the electron microscope level, it was selected to react with glycogen in the fine processes of the Müller cell that ramify among the neural elements in various layers of the retina and demarcate these cells cytologically. The Rhesus monkey was chosen as an example of a well vascularized retina and the rabbit as an example of a avascular retina to explore the possibilities of the technique.

Structure and migration of planar defects in crystals observed in atomic scale

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 284-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hashimoto ◽  
Y. Sugimoto ◽  
Y. Takai ◽  
H. Endoh
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Rotation Angle ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Electron Gun ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Present Observation ◽  
Twist Boundary ◽  
Optical Magnification ◽  
Zinc Crystal ◽  
And Migration

As was demonstrated by the present authors that atomic structure of simple crystal can be photographed by the conventional 100 kV electron microscope adjusted at “aberration free focus (AFF)” condition. In order to operate the microscope at AFF condition effectively, highly stabilized electron beams with small energy spread and small beam divergence are necessary. In the present observation, a 120 kV electron microscope with LaB6 electron gun was used. The most of the images were taken with the direct electron optical magnification of 1.3 million times and then magnified photographically.1. Twist boundary of ZnSFig. 1 is the image of wurtzite single crystal with twist boundary grown on the surface of zinc crystal by the reaction of sulphur vapour of 1540 Torr at 500°C. Crystal surface is parallel to (00.1) plane and electron beam is incident along the axis normal to the crystal surface. In the twist boundary there is a dislocation net work between two perfect crystals with a certain rotation angle.

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