scholarly journals Environmental Surveillance System Characteristics and Impacts on Confidence About No Undetected Serotype 1 Wild Poliovirus Circulation

Risk Analysis ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 414-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominika A. Kalkowska ◽  
Radboud J. Duintjer Tebbens ◽  
Kimberly M. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Serotype 1 ◽  
System Characteristics

scholarly journals Inferring Numbers of Wild Poliovirus Excretors Using Quantitative Environmental Surveillance

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 870
Author(s):  
Yuri Perepliotchikov ◽  
Tomer Ziv-Baran ◽  
Musa Hindiyeh ◽  
Yossi Manor ◽  
Danit Sofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Kinetic Information ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Response to and monitoring of viral outbreaks can be efficiently focused when rapid, quantitative, kinetic information provides the location and the number of infected individuals. Environmental surveillance traditionally provides information on location of populations with contagious, infected individuals since infectious poliovirus is excreted whether infections are asymptomatic or symptomatic. Here, we describe development of rapid (1 week turnaround time, TAT), quantitative RT-PCR of poliovirus RNA extracted directly from concentrated environmental surveillance samples to infer the number of infected individuals excreting poliovirus. The quantitation method was validated using data from vaccination with bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV). The method was then applied to infer the weekly number of excreters in a large, sustained, asymptomatic outbreak of wild type 1 poliovirus in Israel (2013) in a population where >90% of the individuals received three doses of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Evidence-based intervention strategies were based on the short TAT for direct quantitative detection. Furthermore, a TAT shorter than the duration of poliovirus excretion allowed resampling of infected individuals. Finally, the method documented absence of infections after successful intervention of the asymptomatic outbreak. The methodologies described here can be applied to outbreaks of other excreted viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), where there are (1) significant numbers of asymptomatic infections; (2) long incubation times during which infectious virus is excreted; and (3) limited resources, facilities, and manpower that restrict the number of individuals who can be tested and re-tested.

scholarly journals Assessing the sensitivity of the polio environmental surveillance system

PLoS ONE ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. e0208336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve J. Kroiss ◽  
Maiwand Ahmadzai ◽  
Jamal Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Masroor Alam ◽  
Guillaume Chabot-Couture ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Environmental Surveillance

scholarly journals Environmental Surveillance System To Track Wild Poliovirus Transmission

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 2919-2927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagadish M. Deshpande ◽  
Sushmitha J. Shetty ◽  
Zaeem A. Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence Analysis ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Poliovirus Type ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Supplementary Immunization Activities ◽  
Type 3

ABSTRACT Eradication of poliomyelitis from large metropolis cities in India has been difficult due to high population density and the presence of large urban slums. Three paralytic poliomyelitis cases were reported in Mumbai, India, in 1999 and 2000 in spite of high immunization coverage and good-quality supplementary immunization activities. We therefore established a systematic environmental surveillance study by weekly screening of sewage samples from three high-risk slum areas to detect the silent transmission of wild poliovirus. In 2001, from among the 137 sewage samples tested, wild poliovirus type 1 was isolated from 35 and wild poliovirus type 3 was isolated from 1. Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance indicated one case of paralytic poliomyelitis from the city. Phylogenetic analysis with complete VP1 sequences revealed that the isolates from environmental samples belonged to four lineages of wild polioviruses recently isolated from poliomyelitis cases in Uttar Pradesh and not to those previously isolated from AFP cases in Mumbai. Wild poliovirus thus introduced caused one case of paralytic poliomyelitis. The virus was detected in environmental samples 3 months before. It was found that wild polioviruses introduced several times during the year circulated in Mumbai for a limited period before being eliminated. Environmental surveillance was found to be sensitive for the detection of wild poliovirus silent transmission. Nucleotide sequence analysis helped identify wild poliovirus reservoir areas.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Assay Development for Poliovirus Eradication

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Gerloff ◽  
Hong Sun ◽  
Mark Mandelbaum ◽  
Chelsea Maher ◽  
W. Allan Nix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Limits Of Detection ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Rna Transcripts ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Serotype 1 ◽  
Laboratory Surveillance ◽  
Pcr Assays ◽  
Crucial Part

ABSTRACTWith poliovirus eradication nearing, few pockets of active wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission remain in the world. Intratypic differentiation (ITD) plays a crucial part in laboratory surveillance as the molecular detection method that can identify and distinguish wild and vaccine-like polioviruses isolated from acute flaccid paralysis cases or environmental sources. The need to detect new variants of WPV serotype 1 (WPV1) and the containment of all serotype 2 polioviruses (PV2) in 2015 required changes to the previous version of the method. The ITD version 5.0 is a set of six real-time reverse transcription-PCR (rRT-PCR) assays that serve as accurate diagnostic tools to easily detect and differentiate PV serotypes and genotypes. We describe the creation and properties of quantitation standards, including 16 control RNA transcripts and nine plaque-isolated viruses. All ITD rRT-PCR assays were validated using these standards, and the limits of detection were determined for each assay. We designed and pilot tested two new assays targeting recently circulating WPV1 genotypes and all PV2 viruses. The WPV1 assay had 99.1% specificity and 100% sensitivity, and the PV2 assay had 97.7% specificity and 92% sensitivity. Before proceeding to the next step in the global poliovirus eradication program, we needed to gain a better understanding of the performance of the ITD 5.0 suite of molecular assays and their limits of detection and specificities. The findings and conclusions in this evaluation serve as building blocks for future development work.

GIS Based Environmental Surveillance System of Low Birth Weight by PM10 in Seven Cities, Korea

Epidemiology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (Suppl) ◽  
pp. S189
Author(s):  
E H Ha ◽  
J H Seo ◽  
H S Park ◽  
J H Leem ◽  
Y Hong
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Environmental Surveillance

scholarly journals Environmental Surveillance of Polioviruses in Armenia, Colombia before Trivalent Oral Polio Vaccine Cessation

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 775
Author(s):  
María Mercedes González ◽  
Magile C. Fonseca ◽  
Carlos Andrés Rodríguez ◽  
Alejandra María Giraldo ◽  
José Joaquín Vila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transition Period ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Supplementary Information ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Afp Surveillance ◽  
Wastewater Samples

Although acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance is the “gold standard” for detecting cases of polio, environmental surveillance can provide supplementary information in the absence of paralytic poliomyelitis cases. This study aimed to detect the introduction and/or circulation of wild poliovirus or vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPV) in wastewater, covering a significant population of Armenia, Colombia, before trivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV) cessation. Between March and September 2015, 24 wastewater samples were collected from eight study sites in eight communes of Armenia, Colombia. Virus detection and characterization were performed using both cell culture (i.e., RD or L20B cells) and RT-PCR. Polioviruses were isolated in 11 (45.8%) of 24 wastewater samples. All isolates were identified as Sabin strains (type 1 = 9, type 3 = 2) by intratypic differentiation. Type 2 poliovirus was not detected in any of the samples. No wild poliovirus or VDPV was detected among the isolates. Non-polio enterovirus was identified in 8.3% (2/24) of the samples. This study revealed the excretion of Sabin poliovirus from OPV-immunized individuals, as well as the absence of VDPV and wild poliovirus in wastewaters of Armenia, Colombia. This confirms that environmental surveillance is an effective method, as an additional support to AFP surveillance, to monitor poliovirus during the OPV-to-IPV (inactivated polio vaccine) transition period.

scholarly journals Feasibility of Quantitative Environmental Surveillance in Poliovirus Eradication Strategies

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (11) ◽  
pp. 3800-3805 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Lodder ◽  
A. M. Buisman ◽  
S. A. Rutjes ◽  
J. C. Heijne ◽  
P. F. Teunis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Oral Polio Vaccine ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Environmental Surveillance ◽  
Serotype 1 ◽  
Global Polio Eradication Initiative ◽  
Afp Surveillance ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals

ABSTRACTThe progress of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative is monitored by acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance supplemented with environmental surveillance in selected areas. To assess the sensitivity of environmental surveillance, stools from (re)vaccinated elderly persons with a low seroprevalence and from wastewater were concurrently collected and analyzed in the Netherlands over a prolonged period of time. A total number of 228 healthy individuals with different levels of immunity were challenged with monovalent oral polio vaccine serotype 1 or 3. Poliovirus concentrations were determined by the titration of fecal suspensions on poliovirus-sensitive L20B cells and of sewage concentrates by L20B monolayer plaque assay. Almost half of the individuals (45%) shed poliovirus on day 3 after challenge, which peaked (57%) on day 8 with an average poliovirus excretion of 1.3 × 105TCID50per g of feces and gradually decreased to less than 5% on day 42. The virus concentrations in sewage peaked on days 6 to 8 at approximately 100 PFU per liter, remained high until day 14, and subsequently decreased to less than 10 PFU per liter on day 29. The estimated poliovirus concentration in sewage approximated the measured initial virus excretion in feces, within 1 log10variation, resulting in a sensitivity of detection of 100 infected but mostly asymptomatic individuals in tens of thousands of individuals. An additional second peak observed in sewage may indicate secondary transmission missed by enterovirus or AFP surveillance in patients. This enables the detection of circulating poliovirus by environmental surveillance, supporting its feasibility as an early warning system.

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