Sizing Up a Superstorm: Exploring the Role of Recalled Experience and Attribution of Responsibility in Judgments of Future Hurricane Risk

Risk Analysis ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 2334-2349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura N. Rickard ◽  
Z. Janet Yang ◽  
Jonathon P. Schuldt ◽  
Gina M. Eosco ◽  
Clifford W. Scherer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
Hurricane Risk

Military Robots and the Question of Responsibility

2015 ◽  
pp. 2068-2082
Author(s):  
Lambèr Royakkers ◽  
Peter Olsthoorn
Keyword(s):  
Causal Chain ◽  
Unmanned Systems ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
Military Robots ◽  
Human Operators

Most unmanned systems used in operations today are unarmed and mainly used for reconnaissance and mine clearing, yet the increase of the number of armed military robots is undeniable. The use of these robots raises some serious ethical questions. For instance: who can be held morally responsible in reason when a military robot is involved in an act of violence that would normally be described as a war crime? In this article, The authors critically assess the attribution of responsibility with respect to the deployment of both non-autonomous and non-learning autonomous lethal military robots. The authors will start by looking at the role of those with whom responsibility normally lies, the commanders. The authors argue that this is no different in the case of the above mentioned robots. After that, we will turn to those at the beginning and the end of the causal chain, respectively the manufacturers and designers, and the human operators who remotely control armed military robots from behind a computer screen.

Political Support

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 1511-1532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henar Criado ◽  
Francisco Herreros
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Individual Variables ◽  
The Government

The analysis of the causes of political support for political institutions has been focused either on one-case studies that stress the relevance of individual variables or cross-national studies that stress the role of institutions. In this article, the authors suggest that to understand the logic of political support, it is necessary to combine both types of explanations. Using evidence from 17 European countries of the 2002 to 2003 European Social Survey data set, the authors show that the effect of the performance of the institution on political support is higher in majoritarian democracies, where the attribution of responsibility for policy outcomes is clear, than in proportional democracies. They also show that the effect of ideology on political support depends on the type of democracy: Those citizens ideologically far from the government will show higher levels of political support in proportional democracies than in majoritarian ones.

Military Robots and the Question of Responsibility

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lambèr Royakkers ◽  
Peter Olsthoorn
Keyword(s):  
Causal Chain ◽  
Unmanned Systems ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
Military Robots ◽  
Human Operators

Most unmanned systems used in operations today are unarmed and mainly used for reconnaissance and mine clearing, yet the increase of the number of armed military robots is undeniable. The use of these robots raises some serious ethical questions. For instance: who can be held morally responsible in reason when a military robot is involved in an act of violence that would normally be described as a war crime? In this article, The authors critically assess the attribution of responsibility with respect to the deployment of both non-autonomous and non-learning autonomous lethal military robots. The authors will start by looking at the role of those with whom responsibility normally lies, the commanders. The authors argue that this is no different in the case of the above mentioned robots. After that, we will turn to those at the beginning and the end of the causal chain, respectively the manufacturers and designers, and the human operators who remotely control armed military robots from behind a computer screen.

Insights from a Stated Preference Experiment of Florida Residents: Role of Information and Incentives in Hurricane Risk Mitigation

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 04018029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiradip Chatterjee ◽  
Evan Flugman ◽  
Fan Jiang ◽  
Pallab Mozumder ◽  
Arindam Gan Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Stated Preference ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Hurricane Risk ◽  
Role Of Information ◽  
Preference Experiment

scholarly journals Run the Experiment, Publish the Study, Close the Sale: Business, Values, Science and Biomedical Research – A Thematic Introduction

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-21
Author(s):  
Aleta Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
Values In Science ◽  
Epistemic Values ◽  
Publication Planning ◽  
Methodological Choices

Business models for biomedical research prescribe decentralization due to market selection pressures. I argue that decentralized biomedical research does not match four normative philosophical models of the role of values in science. Non-epistemic values affect the internal stages of for-profit biomedical science. Publication planning, effected by Contract Research Organizations, inhibits mechanisms for transformative criticism. The structure of contracted research precludes attribution of responsibility for foreseeable harm resulting from methodological choices. The effectiveness of business strategies leads to over-representation of profit values versus the values of the general public. These disconnects in respect to the proper role of values in science results from structural issues ultimately linked to the distinct goals of business versus applied science, and so it seems likely that disconnects will also be found in other dimensions of attempts to combine business and science. The volume and integration in the publishing community of decentralized biomedical research imply that the entire community of biomedical research science cannot match the normative criteria of community-focused models of values in science. Several proposals for changing research funding structure might successfully relieve market pressures that drive decentralization.

scholarly journals Validation of a Set of Stimuli to Investigate the Effect of Attributional Processes on Social Motivation in Within-Subject Experiments

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Fucci ◽  
Constanza Baquedano ◽  
Oussama Abdoun ◽  
Jessy Deroche ◽  
Antoine Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
Prosocial Motivation ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Willingness To Help ◽  
Attributional Processes ◽  
Multiple Scenarios

Attribution of responsibility for the causes of suffering is one of the main factors that influence responses to individuals in distress. While the role of attributional processes on prosocial motivation has been widely investigated in social psychology, only few attempts have been made to characterize their behavioural and neurophysiological underpinnings. This is partly due to the lack of stimuli that can facilitate within-subject experimental designs. To overcome this problem, we created a set of stimuli consisting of videos depicting people in different situations of distress. Each video is paired with short stories that aim to manipulate the perceived degree of responsibility of the main character. To validate the stimuli, we investigated the effect of different context-video pairs on self-report measures of participants’ subjective experience. We found that different contexts preceding the same video can influence blame and responsibility judgments, affective responses and willingness to help. In a complementary analysis, we replicated previous findings on the influence of empathy and responsibility on willingness to help, showing how the latter is mediated by moral judgments. Finally, we observed a general increase in responses times when videos were paired with responsible contexts. We provide interpretations of this finding that can relate attribution accounts to prominent theories in moral psychology. Overall, this study highlights the possibility of expanding existing theories on prosocial motivation by implementing a set of stimuli that includes multiple scenarios and allows for the collection of third person measures in within-subject designs.

Major League Missteps: How MLB Mishandled the Astros Cheating Scandal

2021 ◽  
pp. 216747952110431
Author(s):  
Emily A. Spackman ◽  
Christopher Wilson ◽  
Brendan Gwynn ◽  
Kris Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Communication Theory ◽  
Major League Baseball ◽  
Crisis Response ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
News Sources ◽  
Major League ◽  
Crisis Type

Major League Baseball (MLB) has been criticized for its handling of the Astros’ cheating scandal. Researchers used a case study method to test whether Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT) should be expanded to include collaborative brand attack (CBA) as a crisis type. Researchers used traditional and extended SCCT to analyze MLB’s crisis response to determine which version fit best. Data were triangulated from sports news sources, MLB’s official statement and Twitter account, and social media influencer and stakeholder posts. Researchers asked which SCCT response MLB used and whether it was effective with stakeholders. Because of poor history, MLB’s accidental crisis response mismatched the level of stakeholder attribution of responsibility. Another question examined the role of social media. Major League Baseball underestimated the role of social media and SM influencers and, by underutilizing its Twitter feed, left stakeholders to attribute greater responsibility to MLB. Two final questions asked whether SCCT should be updated to include the CBA crisis type and whether it applied in this case. The results indicate the negative consequences of crisis/response mismatch and indicate that CBA should be incorporated into SCCT to address social media influence. This is the first known study to apply CBA in a sports context.

Is Patriotism Helpful to Fight the Crisis? The Role of Constructive Patriotism, Conventional Patriotism, and Glorification Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjana Rupar ◽  
Katarzyna Jamróz-Dolińska ◽  
Maryna Kołeczek ◽  
Maciek Borys Sekerdej
Keyword(s):  
International Collaboration ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
The State ◽  
Health Practices ◽  
Attribution Of Responsibility ◽  
Raising Awareness

We examined the link between constructive patriotism, glorification, and conventional patriotism and COVID-19-related attitudes and behaviours at different stages of the pandemic in Poland. In Study 1 (N = 663), constructive patriotism was positively associated with support for intrinsic measures (e.g., raising awareness about health practices). Glorification was negatively linked to support for such measures and positively connected to support for extrinsic measures (e.g., closing the borders). In Study 2 (N = 522), constructive patriots showed greater compliance with hygiene and social distance practices. In Study 3 (N = 633), the attribution of responsibility for fighting the crisis to the State and particularly to individuals underlined the link between constructive patriotism and compliance with health practices. Additionally, constructive patriotism was linked to support for international collaboration. Study 4 (N = 1,051), conducted on a representative sample, further corroborated these findings. The results regarding conventional patriotism were not consistent across studies.

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