Algorithmization of Bureaucratic Organizations: Using a Practice Lens to Study How Context Shapes Predictive Policing Systems

Identifying the “varied authority” of international adjudicators as a common object of inquiry, this book develops a framework to conceptualize and analyze international court authority with the goal of assessing how contextual factors affect international courts’ authority, and therby their political and legal influence. Scholars drawn from a range of academic disciplines—namely law, political science, and sociology—have contributed to this book and examine the varied authority of thirteen international courts with jurisdictions that range from economic to human rights, to international criminal matters. Interdisciplinary commentaries reflect on what the framework and findings imply for the study of international court authority and legitimacy. Focusing on both global and regional adjudicatory systems, the chapters explore different ways in which contextual factors contribute to the fragility of each court’s authority over time and across the breadth of their jurisdiction. A conclusion pulls together the collective insights of how context shapes the authority of international courts.

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Predictive Policing and Crime Control in The United States of America and Europe: Trends in a Decade of Research and the Future of Predictive Policing

Social Sciences ◽

10.3390/socsci10060234 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 234

Author(s):

Ishmael Mugari ◽

Emeka E. Obioha

Keyword(s):

Crime Control ◽

Predictive Accuracy ◽

Criminal Activity ◽

The United States ◽

Modern Technology ◽

Predictive Policing ◽

Software Applications ◽

Predictive Algorithms ◽

Developed Nations ◽

Predictive Software

There has been a significant focus on predictive policing systems, as law enforcement agents embrace modern technology to forecast criminal activity. Most developed nations have implemented predictive policing, albeit with mixed reactions over its effectiveness. Whilst at its inception, predictive policing involved simple heuristics and algorithms, it has increased in sophistication in the ever-changing technological environment. This paper, which is based on a literature survey, examines predictive policing over the last decade (2010 to 2020). The paper examines how various nations have implemented predictive policing and also documents the impediments to predictive policing. The paper reveals that despite the adoption of predictive software applications such as PredPol, Risk Terrain Modelling, HunchLab, PreMap, PRECOBS, Crime Anticipation System, and Azevea, there are several impediments that have militated against the effectiveness of predictive policing, and these include low predictive accuracy, limited scope of crimes that can be predicted, high cost of predictive policing software, flawed data input, and the biased nature of some predictive software applications. Despite these challenges, the paper reveals that there is consensus by the majority of the researchers on the importance of predictive algorithms on the policing landscape.

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Data Analysis in Predicting Crime : Predictive Policing

2021 16th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI) ◽

10.23919/cisti52073.2021.9476393 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Aline Carvalho ◽

Isabel Pedrosa

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Predictive Policing

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Genealogy’s Assumptions about Written Records and Originality

Genealogy ◽

10.3390/genealogy5010021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 21

Author(s):

Stephen B. Hatton

Keyword(s):

Political Power ◽

Social Perspectives ◽

The Past ◽

Loss And Damage ◽

Critical Interpretation ◽

Written Sources ◽

Bureaucratic Organizations

This article probes characteristics of writing relevant to assumptions genealogical practitioners make about written sources they use as evidence. Those infrequently examined assumptions include the assumption that writing represents past reality, that truth univocally denotes correspondence between writing’s discourse and an event or act that occurred in the past, and that writing is transparent in its reference and, therefore, not in need of critical interpretation relating to such things as reflecting political power and cultural and social perspectives. Many genealogical records are produced by bureaucratic organizations that follow practices and processes related to writing that are not aligned with the uncritical use of those records by genealogists. There is a gap between writing and what it signifies. Writing is unstable, and its evolving material technologies make it susceptible to loss and damage. The article also overviews some potential issues with assuming that the originality of records implies greater reliability.

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Randomized Controlled Field Trials of Predictive Policing

Journal of the American Statistical Association ◽

10.1080/01621459.2015.1077710 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 110 (512) ◽

pp. 1399-1411 ◽

Cited By ~ 107

Author(s):

G. O. Mohler ◽

M. B. Short ◽

Sean Malinowski ◽

Mark Johnson ◽

G. E. Tita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Trials ◽

Predictive Policing ◽

Randomized Controlled

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Evolution of Ray's Theory of Bureaucratic Caring

International Journal for Human Caring ◽

10.20467/humancaring-d-20-00043 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 159-175

Author(s):

Marilyn A. Ray

Keyword(s):

Healthcare System ◽

Well Being ◽

Theoretical Development ◽

Military Healthcare ◽

The Military ◽

Health And Well Being ◽

Military Healthcare System ◽

Holistic Science ◽

Ethical Caring ◽

Bureaucratic Organizations

An overview and evolution of caring and the theory of bureaucratic caring and interpretations of its central categories are described. Data and models representing its theoretical development, the concept of bureaucracy, and emergence of the theory as a holographic theory are included. Central tenets in the new sciences are explored along with Bohm's corresponding ideas of explicate and implicate orders (holistic science) and spiritual-ethical caring. The theory has broad implications for increasing the knowledge of caring inter-professionally, improving the health and well-being of people, and transforming healthcare bureaucratic organizations nationally and globally, with application in the military healthcare system.

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